Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Emotion Development (Emotion Recognition (Influences on ER (Biological -…
Emotion Development
Emotion Recognition
Less likely to be married, do well at school --> poor recognition
-
-
-
Facial features in ER
Children developmentally recall info from different parts of the face --> earliest mouth -> eyes -> nose
Kestenbaum: 5-7 y/os & adults asked to recognise various emotions using only the information given e.g. missing nose etc. --> developmental differences in recognition of emotions from the features
Later ER
Herba
-
1. Explicit ER task --> They knew what they were doing
- PPs shown 3 pics & 1 control --> which one feels the same as him?
- Then changed the intensity
- Increasing age, children would be more accurate at matching the lower intensities (explicit) - harder to match
- Match emotions (e.g. happiness to happiness)
2. Implicit ER task --> Didn't know this had anything to do with emotions
- Asked to match on identity - "Which is the same person?"
- How emotion intensity distracted people away from the actual identity matching task
- Extent to which the presence of emotional signals can distract people from matching task
Results:
- Explicit - increased intensity - PPs performance increased (especially for happy & fear) --> older pp's = faster
- Implicit - Older = better at matching identities emotional intensity interfered with matching ability --> speed not affected by age (all ages fast)
Older = less vulnerable to distracting effects of emotion on identity & processing generally better for both tasks
-
Development
-
From birth, babies will show particular facial emotions for certain things e.g. certain face for sour tastes
Castanho & Otta
Even blind infants express emotions - they've had no social feedback (never seen a face) - yet they express emotions = NATURE
Infants smile at different aspects of the human face -
- By 4 weeks of age - focus on eyes on faces
- 8/9 w/o - looking at the mouth --> showing development
At 3m/o - more likely to smile at a face they're familiar with than not
- Experience/ familiarity is important for infants to express emotions
-
Universal Emotions
-
1. Encoding Hypothesis
-
If emotions are universal, the experience of different emotions should be associated with the same distinct facial expression in every society
2. Decoding Hypothesis
When shown facial expressions, different cultures should recognise the emotion
If emotions are universal, people in different cultures should interpret the expressions in the same way - how the emotions are understood/ decoded should be the same everywhere
- Encoding = Facial expressions mean the same everywhere
- Decoding = Facial expressions are understood in the same way
Ekman
-
-
(-) All of these cultures have exposure to western world (western stimuli used) --> media influence or innate?
-
Gave PPs a story e.g. the person's father has died - gave them pictures & asked them to choose which fit (also asked them to mimic expressions)
-
-
-
-
Basic Emotions
When do we recognise BE?
Huffner
Young children rely solely on the face --> context is important to recognise emotion (situational cues)
Between 7/10 y/o = quicker & more accurate at recognising emotions - Especially for negative emotions
Gao
10 y/o's are fully proficient at recognising emotions --> some later developmental trajectories - later in teens
-
-
Ekman & Friesen
-
-
Argued that there are 6 basic emotions:
Anger, disgust, fear, sadness, surprise, happiness
-
BE's = a direct response to an event (automatic) as opposed to more complex emotions
E.g. Happiness = lowered eyelids, raised cheeks * lips pulled up
-
-
-
Complex Emotions
-
-
Self-conscious emotions
In order to feel guilty, we need to understand we've done something wrong in order to effect someone else negatively - need a level of self-awareness
Young children show - pride, jealousy & embarrassment:
Played with toy designed to break - when it did, girls showed more guilt than boys = EMBARRASSMENT
Lewis: Shame in 3 y/o's gave achievement task (easy to difficult)
- 3 y/os showed more shame faces when they failed easy task than difficult = SHAME
-
-
Social Referencing
Campos: The Visual Cliff
-
Child looks to mother who either smile or fear face
- Fear --> baby doesn't cross
- Smile --> much more likely to cross (75%)
Emotions are socially very important for communicating information - 12 m/o's use information to adjust behaviour accordingly
-
Klinnert
1 y/o's played with exp. --> robot entered (very unfamiliar to infants) - infants referenced adult 83% of the time
- If exp. happy --> infant played with them
- Scared --> child showed fear
-