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paper 1 biology (Required practicals (investigating amylase solution…

- - - - the ph levels
      - the temperature
    - - the rate of reaction at different ph levels
      - the effect of tempersature on rate of reaction
    - - if starch is present iodine goes black
      - if starch is not present iodine goes orange
  - - - the distance between the pound weed and the light
    - - the effect of light intensity on photodythesis-the amount of bubbles produced
    - - the amount of bubbles produced by pondweed at different distance from a light source is measured to calculate the effect of light intensity on photosynthesis
  - - - the solution the potatoes are kept in
    - - effect of salt or sugar solutions on osmosis
    - - measure the weight of the potato before and after being kept in salt or sugar solution to highlight the amount of water particles which have entered the potato by osomsis
  - - - the foods and chemicals used to test for different components
    - - if their is starch,lipids,proteins or sugar in foods
    - - test for starch
        
        if starch is present iodine turns blue black
      - test for protein
        
        biurells solution turns purple if protein is present
      - test for sugar
        
        benedicts solution turns brick red
      - test for lipids
        
        ethanol turns cloud if lipids are present
  - - - what cells look like and how big are they (average cell size)
    - - specimens are cut thinly and placed on the microscope the average cell size is found by the field of view / number of cells
    - - the different specimens
  - - - the effect of a variable on the reaction time
    - - the destraction eg music,alchol,talking
  - - - the areas investigated
    - - how different species are distributed
- - - - a group of organs makes up an organ system
        
        a group of organs makes up an organism
  - - - found in the pancreas, mouth and small intestine
    - - found in pancreas and small intestine
    - - found in the stomach,small intestine and pancrease
    - - trysin is used in baby food to predigest it
      - protease used in washing powder to break down fatty stains
  - - - being only one cell thick
      - moist lining
      - massive surface area
  - - - Carry blood under high pressure generated by the heart
      - Thick outer wall
      - small lumen
      - Thick layer of muscle and elastic fibres
      - have no valves
    - - allows food and oxygen to diffuse to the cells and waste to diffuse out.
      - connect veins and arteries
      - wall are only on cell thick
      - Have very small lumen
    - - carry low pressure blood back to the heart
      - Have thin layer of muscle and elastic fibres
      - have valves to prevent the backflow of blood
      - Have large lumen
  - - - help the body fight infection
    - - carry oxygen around the body
      - adaptations
        
        large surface area
        
        no nucleus
    - - Platelets
      - straw coloured liquid which transports co2 and glucose, removing waste from the kidneys
  - - - Upper epidermis
        
        Has a waxy cuticle in order to act as waterproofing
        
        Transparent in order to let light in for photosynthesis
      - guard cells
        
        stomata
        
        stomats are tiny pores which allow gas exchange to take place the guard cells control them opening and closing
      - spongy mesphyil
      - phloem
        
        transport glucose and sugars
      - xylem
        
        transports water around the plant and acts as support
        
        has no cytoplasm or end walls allowing water to flow freely
      - Palisade cells
        
        contain lots of chloroplasts in order to perform photosynthesis
    - - the steps of transpiration:
        
        water evaporates through the stomata
        
        water passes back into the leaf through the xylem vessles
        
        water is pulled upwards through the xylem tissue
        
        this is replaced by water entering the root tissue
        
        water enters root hair cells by osmosis to eventually replace the water lost in respiration
      - things that effect the rate of transpiration
        
        hummidity
        
        reduces the rate of transpiration
        
        temperature
        
        plants transpire at a quicker rate if the temperature is higher as the water evaporates at a quicker rate
        
        light
        
        the higher the light intensity the quicker transpiration takes place
        
        wind
        
        reduces rate of transpiration
    - - photosynthesis occurs inside the chloroplasts and uses the pigment chlorophyll. The pigment absorbs light energy which is converted into chemical energy and stored as glucose
      - equations
        
        6CO2 + 6H20>>>C6H12O6+6O2
        
        Carbon dioxide+ water.>>>Glucose + oxygen
      - The glucose created is stored as energy once converted to starch.Starch is used for:food production,respiration,oils and fats,seeds,energy and to make cellullose
  - - - alveoli
        
        only one cell thick to create a short diffusion pathway
        
        folded in order to have large surface area
      - root hair cell
      - small intestine
      - gills
- - - - example of bacterial diseases
        
        gonorea
        
        is an std the spread of which can be controlled by the use of condoms
        
        it creates thick yellow discharge from the penis or vagina and causes pain when urinating
        
        salmonella
        
        is spread through unhygienic food preparation
        
        symptoms include vomiting,fever,cramps and diarhoea
  - - - rose black spot
        
        black spots appear on leaves of a plant which then drop early reducing the amount of photosynthesis performed by a plant
        
        spread by wind and rain and treated with fungisides
  - - - examples of a virus
        
        hiv
        
        spread through sexual contact or exchange of bodily fluids
        
        unless controlled with antivirals the virus attacks the bodys immune system and can lead to risk of more infections or cancer.
        
        measles
        
        is caught by inhaling droplets from sneeze's or coughs
        
        symptoms are fever and red rash
        
        could be fatal most children are vaccinated against it
        
        TMV
        
        widespread plant virus causes a mosaic discolouration and prevents photosynthesis taking place in plants
  - - - malaria
        
        causes recurring fever and can be fatal
        
        the vector is mosquittos and to prevent the spread you have to minimize the chance of being bittern
  - - - If a microbe enters the body it needs to be neutralized or killed and this is done by the white blood cell
      - They eat the microbe
      - the produce antibodies to neutralize the microbe
        
        the steps of the production of antibodies
        
        step 1:the white blood cell "sees" the patheogen
        
        step 2 :the cell produces antibodies to fit the patheogen
        
        step 3:the antibodies fit onto the patheogen and cause them to clump
        
        step 4:the patheogens are then eatern by white blood cells
      - they produce antitoxins to neutralize the poisons produced by the microbes
- - - - Have a large surface area
      - Have no nucleus
    - - Have tiny hairs to sweep mucus
    - - job is to fertalise the egg
        
        has enzymes in the head to break through the egg
        
        streamline shape
        
        tail in order to swim
        
        many mitercondria to give the sperm energy
    - - has many connections to form synapses with many other neurons
        
        in order to give the person or animal better co-ordination
      - long to cover more distance
    - - many mitercondria
      - lots of ribisomes
      - job is to contract
  - - - copy dna
        
        2.divide in two
    - - Growth and repair of cells
      - asexual reproduction
- - - - glucose + oxygen.>>water+ carbon dioxide+energy
      - C6H126O2>>>>6H2O+6CO2+energy
    - - to build up sugars
      - to build up body proteins
      - to maintain a constant body temperature
      - to build up sugar and nitrates in plants
  - - - this happens when the body doesn't produce enough oxygen at a quick enough rate for aerobic respiration
        
        it is quicker however only produce 1/20 of the amount aerobic respiration makes
        
        glucose>>>lactic acid+small amount of energy
        
        Lacid acid is produced in anaerobic respiration which causes muscle fatigue
        
        this debt needs to be repaid by deep breathing