paper 1 biology

b1

Eukaryotic cells have these functions

cytoplasm

cell membrane

Genetic material stored within a nucleus

examples include plant and animal cells

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B3

B2

Prokaryotic cells

The genetic material is not stored within the nucleus

Bacteria cells

Specialised cells

Blood cells

Have a large surface area

Have no nucleus

ciliated epithelial cell

Have tiny hairs to sweep mucus

sperm

Mitosis cell growth

steps of mitosis

  1. copy dna

2.divide in two

what is it used for?

Growth and repair of cells

asexual reproduction

all cells formed in this way are identical

steam cells

are unspecified cells that can be fund in bone marrow and embryos and can be used to trek particular conditions.

a group of cells makes a tissue

a group of tissues makes an organ

a group of organs makes up an organ system

a group of organs makes up an organism

enzymes

Enzyme's are biological catalyst's used to speed up chemical reactions

They are made up of long chains of amino acids

The enzymes only fit substrates of a specific shape within them like a lock and key.

The active site can be natured by high tempertures and specific phs

Amylaze breaks starch down into glucose

lipase breaks down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol

protease breaks proteins down into amino acids

found in the pancreas, mouth and small intestine

found in pancreas and small intestine

found in the stomach,small intestine and pancrease

Bile

Is made in the liver and stored in the gall bladder

Its role is to neutralise stomach acid and break down fats

The lungs diffuse oxygen in and carbon dioxide out

The alveoli helps this by

being only one cell thick

moist lining

massive surface area

how is blood carried around the body?

Arteries

Capillaries

Veins

Carry blood under high pressure generated by the heart

Thick outer wall

small lumen

Thick layer of muscle and elastic fibres

allows food and oxygen to diffuse to the cells and waste to diffuse out.

connect veins and arteries

wall are only on cell thick

Have very small lumen

carry low pressure blood back to the heart

Have thin layer of muscle and elastic fibres

have no valves

have valves to prevent the backflow of blood

Have large lumen

blood

white blood cells

help the body fight infection

red blood cells

carry oxygen around the body

adaptations

large surface area

no nucleus

Plasma

Platelets

straw coloured liquid which transports co2 and glucose, removing waste from the kidneys

platnts

Parts of a leaf

Upper epidermis

guard cells

stomata

spongy mesphyil

Has a waxy cuticle in order to act as waterproofing

phloem

xylem

Transpiration

the steps of transpiration:

things that effect the rate of transpiration

Transparent in order to let light in for photosynthesis

hummidity

temperature

light

wind

reduces rate of transpiration

the higher the light intensity the quicker transpiration takes place

plants transpire at a quicker rate if the temperature is higher as the water evaporates at a quicker rate

reduces the rate of transpiration

B4

Required practicals

water evaporates through the stomata

water passes back into the leaf through the xylem vessles

water is pulled upwards through the xylem tissue

this is replaced by water entering the root tissue

water enters root hair cells by osmosis to eventually replace the water lost in respiration

photosythesis

photosynthesis occurs inside the chloroplasts and uses the pigment chlorophyll. The pigment absorbs light energy which is converted into chemical energy and stored as glucose

equations

6CO2 + 6H20>>>C6H12O6+6O2

Carbon dioxide+ water.>>>Glucose + oxygen

The glucose created is stored as energy once converted to starch.Starch is used for:food production,respiration,oils and fats,seeds,energy and to make cellullose

transports water around the plant and acts as support

has no cytoplasm or end walls allowing water to flow freely

Palisade cells

contain lots of chloroplasts in order to perform photosynthesis

transport glucose and sugars

stomats are tiny pores which allow gas exchange to take place the guard cells control them opening and closing

Bacteria

fungi

virus

protisists

small living cells which produce toxins

produce spores and penetrate human skin

live and reproduce in human cells creating cell damage

eukoryotic cells that spread through a vector

examples of a virus

enzymes in industry

trysin is used in baby food to predigest it

protease used in washing powder to break down fatty stains

hiv

measles

spread through sexual contact or exchange of bodily fluids

unless controlled with antivirals the virus attacks the bodys immune system and can lead to risk of more infections or cancer.

is caught by inhaling droplets from sneeze's or coughs

symptoms are fever and red rash

could be fatal most children are vaccinated against it

TMV

widespread plant virus causes a mosaic discolouration and prevents photosynthesis taking place in plants

example of bacterial diseases

gonorea

salmonella

is spread through unhygienic food preparation

symptoms include vomiting,fever,cramps and diarhoea

is an std the spread of which can be controlled by the use of condoms

it creates thick yellow discharge from the penis or vagina and causes pain when urinating

malaria

rose black spot

black spots appear on leaves of a plant which then drop early reducing the amount of photosynthesis performed by a plant

spread by wind and rain and treated with fungisides

causes recurring fever and can be fatal

the vector is mosquittos and to prevent the spread you have to minimize the chance of being bittern

human defence against microbes

hairs and mucus in the nose trap particles that could contain patheogen

the skin acts as a waterproof barrier

the stomach contains hydrochloric acid which kills bacteria

the breathing organs have hairs and produce mucus to cover the linning of these organs in order to prevent patheogens entering

white blood cells

If a microbe enters the body it needs to be neutralized or killed and this is done by the white blood cell

They eat the microbe

the produce antibodies to neutralize the microbe

they produce antitoxins to neutralize the poisons produced by the microbes

the steps of the production of antibodies

step 1:the white blood cell "sees" the patheogen

step 2 :the cell produces antibodies to fit the patheogen

step 3:the antibodies fit onto the patheogen and cause them to clump

step 4:the patheogens are then eatern by white blood cells

vaccination

work by injecting a small quantity of a dead or inactive pathogen into the body. The body is then "tricked" into producing antibodies for the real thing. The body then "remembers" the microbe by producing memory cells if coming back in contact with the microbe.

Aerobic respiration

all living organisms have to move , grow, reproduce and each of these processes requires energy. The way in which are bodies produce energy is through respiration.

equations of aerobic respiration

glucose + oxygen.>>water+ carbon dioxide+energy

C6H126O2>>>>6H2O+6CO2+energy

uses of energy

to build up sugars

to build up body proteins

to maintain a constant body temperature

to build up sugar and nitrates in plants

anaerobic respiration

unlike aerobic respiration,anerobic repiration is when energy is provided without needing oxygen

this happens when the body doesn't produce enough oxygen at a quick enough rate for aerobic respiration

it is quicker however only produce 1/20 of the amount aerobic respiration makes

glucose>>>lactic acid+small amount of energy

Lacid acid is produced in anaerobic respiration which causes muscle fatigue

this debt needs to be repaid by deep breathing

investigating amylase solution

dependent variable: what is being measured

independent variable:what is bening changed

light and photosythesis

indepent

dependednt

summary

investigating osmosis

food test

independent

dependent

summary

independent

dependent

summary

indpendent

dependent

summary

using a light microscope

dependent

summary

independent

the different specimens

what cells look like and how big are they (average cell size)

specimens are cut thinly and placed on the microscope the average cell size is found by the field of view / number of cells

effect of salt or sugar solutions on osmosis

the solution the potatoes are kept in

measure the weight of the potato before and after being kept in salt or sugar solution to highlight the amount of water particles which have entered the potato by osomsis

the effect of light intensity on photodythesis-the amount of bubbles produced

the distance between the pound weed and the light

the amount of bubbles produced by pondweed at different distance from a light source is measured to calculate the effect of light intensity on photosynthesis

if their is starch,lipids,proteins or sugar in foods

the foods and chemicals used to test for different components

test for starch

if starch is present iodine turns blue black

test for protein

biurells solution turns purple if protein is present

test for sugar

benedicts solution turns brick red

test for lipids

ethanol turns cloud if lipids are present

if starch is present iodine goes black

the ph levels

the rate of reaction at different ph levels

the effect of tempersature on rate of reaction

the temperature

if starch is not present iodine goes orange

investigating reaction time

measuring population size

dependent

independent

the destraction eg music,alchol,talking

the effect of a variable on the reaction time

independent

dependent

the areas investigated

how different species are distributed

exchange tissue

all have large surface area

all have a short diffusion pathway

examples on the silibace

alveoli

root hair cell

small intestine

all have a high concentration gradient

gills

only one cell thick to create a short diffusion pathway

folded in order to have large surface area

neurone

muscle cell

job is to fertalise the egg

has enzymes in the head to break through the egg

streamline shape

tail in order to swim

many mitercondria to give the sperm energy

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has many connections to form synapses with many other neurons

in order to give the person or animal better co-ordination

long to cover more distance

many mitercondria

lots of ribisomes

job is to contract

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45 percent red blood cells

55 percent plasma

1 percent white blood cells and platelets