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Social and Cultural Change (Culture (Literature (Nikolai Chernyshevsky…

- - - - Tchaikovsky Circle (1868-69)
        
        Literary underground society
        
        Published scientific and revolutionary literature
      - Censorship Act 1864
  - - - What is to be done? 1863
        
        Suggested peasatns be made leaders of change
        
        Carried radical beliefs and thoughts
        
        Contributed to atmosphere of revolution?
    - - Socialism and the Political Stuggle 1883
        
        Argues that revolutionaries have to go through capitalist stage pf development and so cooperate with the bourgeoisie.
- - - - Nobility
      - Middle Class
        
        50% of professors left posts between 1854 and 1862 to be replaced by liberal professors
        
        By 1914, there were 2,000 entrepreneurs
      - Peasants
      - Workers
        
        Industrial workforce grew from 860,000 to about 1,320,000 in 1887
    - - Upper Class 12.5%
      - Middle Class 1.5%
      - Working Class 4%
      - Peasants 82%
    - - 1881
        
        St P 0.928mil
        
        Moscow 0.753mil
      - 1897
        
        St P 1.265mil
        
        Moscow 1.174mil
      - 1914
        
        St P 2.218mil
        
        Moscow 1.763mil
    - - Increased from 7 million in 1867 to 28 million in 1917
  - - - Alexander Golovnin 1862-1867
        
        Zemtsva took over from Church for responsibility of running Primary schools
      - Count Tolstoy 1866-1880
        
        Reduced role of 1864 school boards
        
        These were often run by liberals
        
        Classical subjects favoured over more modern subjects such as Maths and Science
        
        Favoured those with a classical education, which was mainly the nobility
      - Number of Primary schools increased from 8,000 to 25,000 1856-1879
    - - Delyanov 1882-1897
        
        University Statute
        
        Universities now under state control
        
        Told Universities not to admit poor students
        
        However...this was not followed as by 1914...
        
        39% of University students were from poor social backgrounds
        
        50% of Secondary school students were from poor social backgrounds
- - - - More than 8500 Muslims and 50,000 pagans converted to orthodoxy during the reign of Alexander II