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Intelligence (Issues and controversies (Single factor theory ("g"…
Intelligence
Issues and controversies
IQ tests - Internal bias (flaws in the surveys research design) and situational ( situational explanations for behaviour)
Psychometric approach - type, number of tests and type of participants used can impact on emerging factors
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Single factor theory
"g" is important, has been supported across a wealth of research and is a successful predictor
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Arguments against "g" highlight problems with psychometric approach - that is that they presume intelligence is a measurable thing
Approaches
Psychometric
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Alfred Binet (1857 - 1911) - developed the first intelligence test for children: Binet-Simon scale, or, "IQ" test
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Factor analytic
Charles Spearman (early 1900's) - intelligence tests suggest an overarching single factor - the "g" factor, which stands for general intelligence, and "factor analysis
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Thurstone - preferred a set of mental abilities of equal importance rather that one general factor "g". Identified reasoning, word fluency, numerical ability, verbal comprehension, perceptual speed, spatial visualisation and memory as 7 major types of distinct abilities. Therefore intelligence is more about cognitive ability rather than a single IQ score.
Raymond Cattell (1963) - argued thatwhile "g" factor exists, it needs to be sub-divided into 2 dimensions which are fluid intelligence and crystallised intelligence
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Theories
Contemporary
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Appealing to applied psychologists • Explore a number of intelligences not commonly assessed in standard tests • Emphasize human diversity • Draws upon a wide variety of evidence • Lack of suitable tests to differentiate intelligences • Rarely withstands rigorous testing • Generally needs wider examination and testing (Sternberg, 2000)
Traditional
Sternberg
Identified 3 types of intelligence (triarchic) - Componential subtheory, contextual subtheory and experiential subtheory
Analytical intelligence, creative intelligence and practical intelligence
Gardner
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Noted that Western education favours some intelligence over others. Intelligence is more about cognitive ability rather than "g" or IQ scores
7 multiple intelligence theories - Logical-mathematical, musical, linguistic, bodily kinesthetic, intrapersonal, interpersonal, spatial.
2 more later added - Naturalist, Existentialist
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