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What are Place and Space? (Processes of Change: Kings Park, Hackney (1966 …
What are Place and Space?
Place Identity
Characteristics = Identity
Ariel views
Outlines of land areas
Settlement patterns, transport routes, indv. buildings
People = large part of a place
Many characteristics = place at a local scale
Physical geography
Demography
Socio-economics
Culture
Politics
Built environment
= makeup, shape + land-use patterns
Factors + Processes
Natural Characteristics
Rivers/Coastline
Aesthetic value - tourism + residential
Ease of access for transportation + ind.
Flooding = natural ecosystems/wetlands
Leisure + recreation - method of flood control
Conservation area = open space within urban area
Relief
Flat land
Heavy ind
Ease of constructing large buildings on uneven ground
Elevation
High class residential
Above air pollution
Aesthetic value - view
Economic Factors
Bid Rent/Cost of Land
Competition is greatest in city centre bc land is scarce + easily accessible to whole urban area
= centre most expensive + rent is high
Land is cheaper with increasing distance from the centre
Industry is located in a ring around the centre; residential has lowest bid + is in the outer ring
City centre land-uses
High-rise - uses less land, height of buildings decreases with dis. from centre
Land-use that creates the most profit - commerce + retail
Concentric zones
CBD with commerce + offices
Industry
Residential - highest density nearest centre
De-Industrialised/Derelict Land
Globalisation + global shift = m.f. moving from ACs to cheaper LIDCs
Regions e.g. London Docklands + Newcastle = closure of docks/warehouses = derelict land
Gov. policy = economic incentives for property investors to redevelop these areas + sell on
= change in land-use from ind. to commerce, tourism + residential
Built Characteristics
Transport Links
Ind. locates near major roajs
Reduces time/money wasted by deliveries caught in congeston
High class residential away from transport routes bc of noise pollution
Demographic Factors
Stage of Life/Family Status
Young + single adults = apartments near city centre = access for employment + leisure
Families with children = suburbs = semi-detatched + more space
Nearly all residential areas have a mixture of diff. types of households
Political Factors
Planning Controls/Land Use Zoning
Gov. has direct control on land use bc they determine the permitted landuse
Grant/deny planning permission to change use of buildings + use of new developments
More effective in ACs than LIDCs
LIDCs = gov. ineffective in controlling urban processes bc of speed of urbanisation + lack of resources + other priorities take precedence (e.g. education)
Economic Investment Decisions
Govs. + local council offer incentives to attract new developments/redevelopment of derelict areas = changes in land use
Traffic Management/Road Building Schemes
Gov. has direct control on land use + determines the location of infrastructure
Environmental Conservation
Govs. determine the location of land which is designated as protected
Prevents land use changes + restricts development of these areas
Gov. prevents urban sprawl thru designating an area of greenbelt surrounding cities - this controls land use
Socio-Economic Characteristics
Population Income
Wealth + location of housing depends on access to centre + size of living space
The periphery
Most desirable area to live
Lower density buildings
Larger homes/gardens
Inner city residential areas
Past
High density, low quality housing, for low paid/working class
Present
New development of luxury apartments near city centres
Gentrification
- older housing near centre has become fashionable + upgraded by professional groups = area becomes more expensive
= high income residents - easy access to employments + services in city centre
Ethnicity
People from same ethnic group may concentrate in certain neighbourhoods = segregation
Discrimination in job oppos.
So they are trapped in low-paid jobs + have to live in low-income areas
Fear of physical attack
Safety in numbers
Family/friends
Can maintain social contact
Services for that ethnic group
Halal food stores, places of worship, religious schools
Land Use Models
Burgess Urban Land Use Model
Cocentric
Based purely on economic value of land
Hoyt's Sector City Model
Based on influences of transport routes + wind dir.
Place Profile Identity: Cambridge
Natural Characteristics
Distinct land-use pattern based on a large no. of environ. factors
River Cam influenced development
Historic core developed in a meander of the river
=core has a number of the oldest uni. buildings
River has many green areas + parks - many are flood plains
Built Characteristics
Historic core
Large area of housing to E + SE
Market square at centre - reflects historic function as a market centre for surrounding agricultural areas
Very flat area E of centre = airport + associated m.f., distribution + tranps. inds.
Creation of Greenbelt using surrounding agricultural + recreational land, alongside natural habitats
Restricted physical growth of C over last 60 yers
Greenbelt land valued for quality, role as open space + wildlife habitat
Limited size of river meander = developments in last 50 years are dispersed across city
Recent uni colleges, Andebrooke's
Roads in ring shape around city centre
Train station near city centre - accessible to shoppinig facilities, schools, colleges + business parks
Main cycle routes run from NW to SW of centre
4 national trails thru city centre
Economic Factors
W part of city = largest + most expensive housing
Set away from ind. + railway
Terraced housing close to ind. + station for workers
Out-of-town shops + services off the Mill Road area over past 20 years
Takes advantage of land values + serve customers with vehicles e.g. Beehive centre, Nwmt Road
New developments in central Cambridge e.g. Grand Arcade
Takes advantage of huge no. of visitors
High footfall = successful shops - avoids neg. effects of out-of-town shopping centres on city centre
Increase in high-rise developments bc of increased land values - esp. at train station
Political Factors
Greenbelt
Established in 50s as result of Holden report
Helped reduce growth of city
Encouraged use of brownfield land
Southern Fringe Growth
2010 - city planners/local politicians extended this side bc of pressure on Cambrdige
Relaxation of planning restrictions = expansion of Addenbrooke's Medical campus + associated housing, roads + services
Pockets of service developments encouraged by local politicians to relieve pressure on city centre e.g. Grafton Centre
New sites for retail as part of Trumpington Meadows development
Social Factors
Core has been preserved for residential use by uni students, + surrounding ring of interwar suburban housing
Quieter, gardens, family-orientated
Large-scale blcoks around train station
Accommidate growing pop.
People may commute to London + therefore would need accommodation for only a few rooms, near station
Recent out-of-town developments = pressure for development on pre-existing Greenbelt
Pressure caused by huge support + success for Beehive centre
Past Characteristics
Land Ownership
C Uni owns most of land - prev. land use was agriculture
Lnad gradually being used for development
Uni. has been able to control developments
E.g. train station is as far away from city centre as possible to limit its attraction to students to travel to London
Common Land Rights
Midsummer Common
Green corridor into the city
Follows the river
Can act as flood plain if needed
Cattle grazes on it
Central Historic Core
Dominated by Uni buildings
City has grown up around + developed from this
Shifting Flows: Cambridge
Background
Fast growing pop. - 125,000
High-tech quaternary sector
Combines local gov., business, investors
Driven by uni's R+D
1970s - Trinity College opened the CSP, NE end of city
1980s - CNS developed, S of Science Park
1987 - St. John's Innovation Centre
High-tech cluster keeps city afloat
1400 companies + 40,000 jobs
= Cambridge is a hub of globally sought-after skills
Niche market companies that are still attractive to global investment despite recessions
= C was largely unaffacted by economic downturn 2008-12
Cambridge Phenomenon
Background
= growth of IT, bioscience + service companoes
Began in 70s - proposition to use academic excellence into something more prosperous for the city
Private sector grows 3-4% annually
Primarily centred around CSP
CSP is Europe's longest-serving + largest centre for R+D
Causes
Before 70s Uni was against commerce + ind.
Attractive pursuit for graduates
8 years after putting PhDs on hold. 3 men own a growing company
Design miniature chemical sensors on a microchip
£9.5 million in investments
Wanted to start this business on the back of research = creation of business hub
Lots of support from tightly networked Silicon Fen
Cambridge attracts visitors in its own right
Effects
Pressures
Keeping within the greenbelt limits
Services + transp. pressures
Expensive property
Responses
2014 - 1,000 new homes built - *3 as 2009
2014 - Oxford only built 60 new homes
Housing plans (with S Cambridgeshire) for next decade
14,000 new homes in the city + 19,000 in county
Only 3% of these houses within greenbelt
More money into improving tranp. links + other infrastructure
City deal - large sums of money given from central-govs. to local authorities to boost growth
Opportunities
Money required to fix these pressures is made available thru growth of SP and high-tech businesses = highly-skilled + low-paid jobs
Increased tax revenues = further private + public investment =
positive multiplier
Processes of Change: E Chesterton
N Railway Station
Advantages
House prices have increaased
Convenience + jobs
Twice what they were 3 years ago
Disadvantages
Better parking facilities needed to avoid congestion
Difficult for young buyers
Difficult for prospective buyers - smaller profit mrgin
House prices high in relation to earnings - only the rich can afford it
ST positives
Fuel Poverty
Background
Hundred Houses is retrofitting 40 if its oldest homes
Bringing its homes to modern standards so residents pay less on fuel bills
£160,000 gov. grants + £200,000 own money
Eastfield estate is area being upgraded
Investment included
Efficient boilers, doors + windows
Cut residents' bill by 1/3 = prevents them falling into poverty
Scheme monitored to find out how much residents are saving on energy bills
Targets
Retrofitting 40 solid wall houses to improve energy use
Decrease incidence of fuel poverty
Set a high standard + mobilise retrofits in the housing community
Eastfield Estate
Was the first 100 houses built by the housing association with solid brick walls
Before
Gas lighting
No electricity provision
Coppers for water heating
Tin baths
Process
Piecemeal modernisation in 50s
Internal modernisation in 80s
Development+ refurbishment plan created with residents + supported by council
34 homes replaced with 65 new homes
Retained houses given complete makeover
Results
Replacement windows + door
New A-rated heating sys.
External wall insulation
Deceased energy costs + C by 30%
Hundred Houses = local leader in efficient + low-C rented housing
Supporting alleviating fuel poverty against tenants
Projects tied to general refurbishment of properties
= secure future for pre-war housing stock
Knowledge Economy
St. John's Innovation Centre
Early-stage knowledge-based companies with tailored business services + flexible accommodation
First of its kind in Europe
Business incubator:
Experience, resources, contacts + community presence
Is a partner in the Entreprise Europe Network
Delivers ISJC training services via a combination of
Leadership + management training courses
Bespoke training
Workshops on topics relevant to growth + businesses
Dynamic + supportive incubation environ. to accelerate growth of ambitious innovative firms in Cambs.
Entreprise Europe Network E of England
For business expansion thru Europe via
Tech transfer
New customers
New suppliers
New commercial partners
St. John's Innovation Centre is a new partner
Free access to world's largest business network
Supports companies to develop their businesses internationally
Helps SMEs in Eof England to ... across Europe
Accelerate growth
Form partnerships
Develop trading oppos.
Processes of Change: Kings Park, Hackney
1500s
Rural area with mostly open land + parks
Scattered hamlets
Tudor uppercrust visited for sporting events + matters of 'high state'
Many tudor mansions
Sutten House, Homerton is the only remaining one
Kings Park name originated from Kings visits there
1800s
Health social life
Population = several thousand
Middle-class elite, who had more money
Former company directors + London mayors
Romanies settled in Marshes
Common travellers, traditional carts + large families
1870-80s
Water-powered mills along River Lea
e.g. South Millfields - now recreational ground
On Lea bridge also
Early ind.
Industrialisation mostly in late 18th cent. - main inds. were:
Plastic, furniture, paint
Inds. developed bc river was good for importing + exporting finished products
Political life improving - movement for women's vote
19th Cent.
Canals, railways, factories
Many more buildings + houses supplied by the factories to accommodate/encourage workers
Cheap, terraced blocks close to factort
Wealthier middle classes left for the more rural areas + Pewter classes took over
= colonisation
Solicitors, notaries, bank clerks
WW2
Luftwaffe bombing
Aiming for Doplands to stop trade + weapons production but sometimes hit Hackney = huge areas demolished
Immigration - late 40s
Turkish - for politics + economics
Kurdish - fled persecution in Turkey
Afro-Caribbean - first to begin to migrate
1966 - 71: Holly Street
Built as a social experiment
Prev. damaged by bombs - but cleared + social housing was built in its place
Snake-like housing
High-rise blocks connecting towers dogged by crime
Unemployed + low qualified
High levels of crime + deprivation
People being housed elsewhere in sim. estates whilst this was being built
1960s - 70s
Out-migration to Essex
Many areas were quite prestigious - Pewter classes lived there
By WW2 they were entering a decline
London pop. peaked in 1939 and then fell year by year - Hackney followed same trend
Out-migration of Pewter classes to Essex and local businesses therefore closed down
60s - some of the terraced streets were so underoccupied that the council were demolishing them
70s - the remaining streets had such little value that Hackney only had 1 estate agent
1970s - 90s
Gentrification
= return of middle classes
Victorian houses were coming back into fashion, attracting rich, middle-class opportunists
Made the area more expensive
Wrk class people could no longer afford to live there
Small businesses closed
That entire life of Hackney destroyed as wrking class had no disposable income
Tension between the 2 classes
Profile Identity: Liverpool
Regeneration (2013)
City council offered 20 derelict homes in Kensington + other areas for £1 each
Buyers had to be capable of doing the houses up to a reasonable standard + live in them for 5 years
Council wanted to keep local comms. together rather than attract new people into the comm.
= cheap housing = oppos. or locals
Concerns that people use their newly-renovated homes as second homes + rent them out - but benefits overweigh risks
Other scheme allows housing provider to renovate them + then sell them on 25% less than market rate
Brought 250 homes back into use in other parts of the city