Latino/Latina/Latinx Literature ✏
REVOLUTION
GENDER
CULTURE
RACE
Colorism
Privilege
The Education of Hopey Glass, Milena gets the job for a new local spanish show called "NOPALES NOPALES" because she's "Rubia. Flaca" and Vivian does not. Although it's hard to distinguish color in this comic book, Milena has white hair and Vivian has black hair, and that could be a clue that Milena got the job because she's white. Since blonde hair is more common in white people, similar to black hair is common in Latinos and Latinas.
In Down These Mean Streets, Piri spends most of his life figuring out why he's treated differently for being a dark skin Latino. His father influences his perspective that not being white is a bad thing. Everyday in his life, Piri tries to find comfort as a Puerto Rican, however he's always mistaken to be African American. Piri tells his father "I'm black, and it don't make no difference whether I say good-bye or adios - it means the same." (147) to make him realize that his color does not have an impact on his personality, culture, or behavior, he's always going to be Piri from Puerto Rico.
Family
Environment
Fighting against the War
Preserving culture
Conformity
Machismo
In Junot Diaz's "Monstro", the author opens the story by showing the conflict between Haiti and the Dominican Republic, "At first, Negroes thought it funny. A disease that could make a Haitian blacker? It was the joke of the year". This form of colorism is mainly based on the conflict between both islands, however dark Dominicans are also treated badly compared to the ones who have lighter skin. This is common is almost all Spanish speaking countries and also shown in Piri Thomas' "Down These Mean Streets".
Gloria Anzaldúa's "Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza", talks about how Americans started to colonize Mexico's land by attacking them at the boarder and on their own properties. At one point, the author shares about how in "U.S, a man or a women can make eight times what they can in Mexico" (32). In Mexico, it was difficult to live comfortably because of the exploitation from the United States and because of the "infusion of the values of the white culture" (32). Due to this unfair treatment in Mexico, they had to either work and die in Mexico or move to the United States and live. This is a result of white people with money taking over land that isn't theirs and providing little benefits for the people who are native to the land, similarly to how they took over land from the Native Americans.
In Down These Mean Streets by Piri Thomas, readers come across favoritism within the children and their father due to color of their skins. Piri states that even though they "get all the same food and clothes, anything and everything", he still feels like he receives a different kind of treatment from his father compared to his other siblings (22). Although Piri and his father struggles with this issue throughout the whole book, the connection between Piri and his Family always stays close, before and after his time in prison. Their culture is what keeps them together since in Latino culture, family is the most important thing anyone can have.
In How The Garcia Girls Lost Their Accent by Julia Alvarez, the parents of Carla, Sandra, Yolanda, and Sofia try their hardest to keep their family together and especially connected to their Dominican culture. In the story, the author states that the daughters "would be sent summers to the Island so [they] wouldn't lose touch with la familia" (109). Culture and family is very important in this book because once the girls were no longer connected to their Dominican culture, they would no longer have a connection with the rest of their family who stayed in the Dominican Republic after The Garcia family moved to the United States.
In Cherrie Moraga's “Queer Aztlán: The Re-formation of Chicano Tribe”, The author states "lesbian and gay men have often been forced out of [their] blood families, and since [their] love and sexual desire are not housed within the traditional family, [they] are in critical position to address those in areas within our cultural family that need to change." (159) This issue is difficult because it prevents changes in any cultural issues, such as the Chicano Movement used in this manifesto.Without inclusion, a fight for change won't reach it full potential since not everyone is present to help.
How The Garcia Girls Lost Their Accent displays how influential the environment is towards their culture. in the beginning of the book, we see the Garcia girls as adults, living in New York and fully adapted to the American culture. As the book goes on, events that conflict with their cultural norms such as sex, appearance, and hobbies are taken seriously by the parents because it's seen as rebellious by the Dominican culture. Towards the end of the book, we see where the Garcia Girls come from, a wealthy family that had a big house with a maid in the Dominican Republic. Therefore, the girls have always had high expectation to fulfill and valued highly as women from the Dominican Republic.
Revolt Of The Cockroach People displays the history of the "Brown Buffalo" Oscar Zeta Acosta and his involvement in the Chicano Movement. Although Oscar didn't know much of the revolution going on, he got involved to help him understand his own culture. The author illustrates how Oscar tried to make smart decisions, but due to the seriousness of oppression against Chicano, he found himself in trouble from time to time to make a statement that Mexican-American are not weak people.
The Lady Matador's Hotel takes place during a time when Guatemala were in a civil war. This is important to know because every character has some kind of involvement to the war that was going on. The war gives the characters a motive for their actions and plans. For example, Aura seeks revenge by killing the colonel for killing her relatives, "I have one debt to pay ... Then I want to be done with this forever" (106). Her family members were killed during the civil war and throughout the book, we see her plan to kill the colonel that is living in the hotel grow.
Pedro Pierti "Puerto Rican Obituary" gives tribute to Juan, Miguel, Milagros, Olga, and Manuel for all they've done to help Puerto Rico from the colonization by the United States. The poem mentions how strong Puerto Ricans are, but during this fight, they can not forget their own culture and to spread it with everyone around them. Spreading the Puerto Rican culture can help Americans realize that "
PUERTO RICO IS A BEAUTIFUL PLACE/ PUERTORRIQUENOS ARE A BEAUTIFUL RACE" instead of them being known as people with only intentions of causing trouble by protesting.
Tato Laviera's "Lady Liberty" and Sandra Maria Esteves "Autobiogrpahy of a Nuyorican" shows how important it is to be ready to fight as Puerto Rican in the United States. Being in that position, they must be prideful and stay connected to their culture. Even though the poets are emphasizing Latinos will always be ready to face any consequences, they shine light on what needs to be fixed. The Issues ranges from the world not wanting "another brown, another slant-eyed-olive-indian-black-child" to feeding "humanity's hunger"
In The Lady Matador's Hotel, the author's most important character, Suki Palacio is not any average Latina. She is half Mexican and half Japanese, and goes against conformity by being a woman bullfighter. This act of against conformity makes this character the most interesting, powerful, fearless person in the book. This is a different kind of woman that people in Latino culture are not used to. This displays how important it is to do what one loves, regardless of the norms and negativity from others.
Carmen Maria Machado's "Real Women Have Bodies" deals with the the common struggle of women trying to fit the idea of what a women should look like. The author states that this widely spread issue could begin with "the fashion industry, then the millennials, and finally, the water. But the water's been tested, the millennials aren't the only ones going incorporeal, and it doesn't do the fashion industry any good to have women fading away" (128). Due to the harsh expectations of how women should look, conformity will always be difficult to settle with for a women.
Revolt Of The Cockroach People displays how much machismo plays apart in the Chicano Movement. Throughout the whole book, the author illustrates how women are sexualized rather than being an important part in the Chicano Movement. At one moment, Black Eagle asks Armida if she's going to have sex with all the guys and her response was "You had you chance... I thought we were going to have a meeting. Aren't we here to prepare for the goddamn trial?"(66). The machismo reflects on the actions from the males during the movement, vicious and disrespectful.
In How The Garcia Girls Lost Their Accent, machismo is shown through the father and enforces this personality trait on his daughters. The narrator states "Warnings were delivered communally, for even though there was usually the offending daughter of the moment, every woman's character could use extra scolding" (28). The daughters knew to not go against what their father's rule and this theme is constant throughout the book within the Garcia family and the Latino culture.
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"The Education of Hopey Glass" shows a different perspective on this issue due to the fantasy world the comic book series takes place in. Their world involves real life situations, but also includes super heroes and norms that are not common in the Latino culture, such as lesbian and gays in the Latino culture.