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Feminism (What is feminism? (Has succeeded in radically changing the…

- - - - Material aspects of life (state, economy, science, technology)
      - West is superior --> we must imitate them (change, progress, modernisation)
      - This is the task of men in the anticolonial struggle
    - - Spiritual aspects of life (religion, culture, family)
      - East is superior --> We must reject them, i.e. preserve our culture
      - This is the task of women in the struggle
      - Women's role is preserving traditional culture --> modern men & traditional women (locks women in traditional positions; globalisation intensifies desire to preserve culture)
- - - - challenges the content of IR but not its main fundamental epistemological assumptions
      - advocates that the rights and representation conventionally granted to men be extended to women
      - Focus on changing institutions, especially increasing the representation of women in positions of power
      - see gender inequality as a major barrier to human development, and also as leading to greater incidences of war and violence
    - - Highlight the broader social, economic, & political relationships that structure relations of power
      - often draw from Marxist theories to prioritise the economy, specifically critiquing the capitalist economy --> pay particular attention to the unequal diffusion of global capital accumulation
      - Identify gender and class oppressions as interdependent & intertwined
        
        E.g. production and reproduction through the industrialisation of divisions of 'paid ' and 'unpaid' labour
        --> devaluation of women's work
        ---> differential valuing of reproductive and productive work
        --> 'double burden' of household labour and waged labour that women carry disproportionally
      - Wary of gender essentialism, ie. the assumption all women's experiences by virtue of being female --> take intersectional approach
    - - Born as a response to colonialism, imperialism & Euro-American feminists' emphasis on sisterhood, which is one way in which Western values are imposed on other cultures
      - resists Euro-American feminists' tendency to universalise the forms of oppression they face in their own lives, ignoring the differences in the way women from various national, ethnic, religious backgrounds experience gender
      - Reminds women that not all women are colonised equally; women from the global North benefitted from imperialism as the 'inferior sex within the superior race'
      - Understand that while colonialism & imperialism may be formally past, its effects are not
      - Women from the global South are often depicted as passive and w/o agency, necessitating 'white men saving brown women from brown men'
        
        Existence of those designated in need of protection frequently becomes a rational for violence, e.g. US wars in Iraq & Afghanistan
    - - Judith Butler
      - Sex is not the foundation or origin of gender, but is itself an effect
      - Gender performativity: gender is not what we are , but rather what we do