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Period 7 1890-1945 (KC 7.3.3 - US participation in WWII transform American…
Period 7 1890-1945
KC 7.3.3 - US participation in WWII transform American Society, while the victory of the US and its allies over the Axis powers vaulted the US into a position of global, pol, and military leadership
Americans viewed the was as a fight for the survival of freedom and dem against fascist and militarist ideologies. this perspective was later reinforced by revelations about Jap wartime atrocities, Nazi concentration camps, and the Holocaust
Mass mobilization of American society helped end the GD, and the country's strong industrial base played a role in winning the war by equipping and provisioning allies and millions of US troops
mobilization and military service provided an opportunity for women and minorities to improve their socioeconomic positions for the war's duration, while also leading to debates over racial segregation - wartime experiences also generated challenges to civil liberties (internment of Jap Americans)
The US and its allies achieved military victory through Allied cooperation, tech and scientific advances, the contributions of servicemen and women, and campaigns (Pacific "island-hopping and D-Day invasion. The use of the A bomb hastened the end of the war and sparked debates about the morality of using atomic weapons
War ravaged condition of Asia and EU and the dominant US role in the Allied victory and postwar peace settlements = allowed the US to emerge from the war as the most powerful nation on earth
KC 7.3.2 - WWI and its aftermath intensified ongoing debates about the nation's role in the world and how to best achieve national security and pursue American interests
Although the American Expeditionary Forces played a relatively limited role in combat, the US's entry helped to tip the balance of the conflict in favor of the Allies
Despite Wilson's deep involvement in postwar negotiations, the US senate refused to ratify Treaty of Versailles or join League of Nations
after initial neutrality in WWI, the nation entered the conflict, departing from the US foreign policy tradition of non-involvement in EU affairs, in response to W Wilson's call for the defense of humanitarian and dem principles
After WWI, the US pursued a unilateral foreign policy that used international investment, peace treaties, and select military intervention to promote a vision of international order, even while maintaining US isolation
in the 1930s, while many Americans were concerned about the rise of fascism and totalitarianism, most opposed taking military action against the aggression of Nazi Germany and Japan until Japs attack on Pearl Harbor drew the US into WWII
KC 7.1.2 - In the Progressive Era of the early 20th cent. Progressives responded to pol corruption, eco instability, and social concerns by calling for greater gov action and other pol and social measures
Some progressive era journalists attacked pol corruption, social injustice, and eco inequality.reformers (middle and upper class) worked to effect social changes in cities and among immigrant pop
Nationally, progressives sought fed legislation that they believed would effectively reg. eco, expand democracy, and generate moral reform. Progressive amendments to constitution dealt with issues like prohibition and suffrage
Preservationists and conservationists both supported the establishment of national parks while advocating diff gov responses to the overuse of natural resources
Progressives were divided over issues (some supported S segregation, and others ignored it) (some advocating expanding popular participation in gov and others called for greater reliance on professional and tech experts to make gov efficient
KC 7.2.1 - Pop culture grew in influence in US society, even as debates increased over the effects of culture on public values, morals, and American national identity
Migration gave rise to new forms of art and lit. that expressed ethnic and regional identities (Harlem Renaissance movement)
Official restrictions on freedom of speech grew during WWI as there was increased anxiety about radicalism led to a Red Scare and attacks on labor activism and immigrant culture
New forms of mass media (radio and cinema) contributed to the spread of national culture as well as greater awareness of regional cultures
1920s - cultural and pol controversies emerged as Americans debated gender roles, modernism, science, religion, and issues related to race and immigration
KC 7.2.2 - Eco pressures, global events, and pol developments caused sharp variations in the #, sources, and experience of both international and internal migrants
increased demand for war production and labor during WWI and WWII and the economic difficulties of the 1930s led to many Americans to migrate to urban centers in search of eco opportunities
In a Great Migration during and after WWI, AA escaping segregation, racial violence, and limited economic opportunity in the S moved to the N and W, where they found new opportunity but still encountered discrimination
Immigration from EU reached its peak in the years before WWI, nativist campaigns against some ethnic groups led to the passage of quotas that restricted immigration, particularly from S and E EU and increased barriers to Asian immigration
Migration to the US from Mx and elsewhere in the W Hemisphere increased, in spite of contradictory gov policies toward Mx immigration
KC 7.1.3 - during the 1930s, policymakers responded to the mass unemployment and social upheavals of the GD by transforming the US into a limited welfare state and redefined the goals and ideas of modern American liberalism
FDR's new deal attempted to end the GD by using gov power to provide relief to the poor, stim. recovery, and reform the American eco
Radical, union, and populist movements pushed FDR toward more extensive efforts to change the eco, while conservatives in Congress and the SC sought to limit the ND scope
ND didn't end the GD, it left the legacy of reforms and regulatory agencies and fostered a long-term political realignment in which many ethnic groups, AA, and working-class communities identified w the Dem party.
KC 7.1.1 - the US cont. its transition from rural, ag eco to urban, indust. eco - led by large comp.
1920 = a majority of the US pop lived in urban centers, which offered new eco opportunities for women, international migrants, and internal migrants
Episodes of credit and market instability in the early 20th cent. (GD) led to calls for a stronger financial regulatory system
New tech and manufacturing techniques helped focus the US eco on the production of consumer goods - contributing to improved standards of living, greater personal mobility, and better comm systems
KC 7.3.1 - In the late 19th cent. and early 20th cent., new US territorial ambitions and acquisitions in the W hemisphere and the Pacific accompanied heightened public debates over American's role in the world
Anti-imperialists cited principles of self-determination and invoked both racial theories and the U.S. foreign policy tradition of isolationism to argue that the US should not extend its territory overseas
The American victory in the Spanish-American War = the US getting the Caribbean islands in the Pacific, an increase in involvement in Asia, and the suppression of a nationalist movement in the Phillipines
Imperialists cited eco opportunities, racial theories, competition w EU empires, and the perception in the 1890s that the W frontier was "closed" to argue that Americans were destined to expand their culture and institutions to peoples around the globe