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hydrocarbons &fractional distillation& cracking of crude oil…
hydrocarbons &fractional distillation& cracking of crude oil
hydrocarbons only contain hydrogen and carbon atoms
1) a hydrocarbon is any compounds that is formed from carbon and hydrogen atoms only
2)so c10h12 is a hydrocarbon but CH3COOC3H is not it contains oxygen
alkanes have all C-C single bonds
2)the alkanes are a homologous series a group of organic compounds that react in a similar way
3)alkanes are saturated compounds each carbon atom forms four single covalent bonds
1) alkanes are simplest types of hydrocarbons you can get the general formula is
4) the first fur alkanes are methane ethane propane and butane
hydrocarbon properties change as the chain gets longer
2) the shorter the carbon chain the more volatile the hydrocarbon more volatile means it turns into a gas at a lower temperature the shorter the carbon chain the lower the temperature at which that hydrocarbon vaporise or condenses and the lower its boiling points
3)also the shorter the carbon chain the more flammable the hydrocarbon is
1) the shorter the carbon chain the more runny the hydrocarbon is that is the less viscous
complete combustion occurs when there's plenty of oxygen
2)both carbon and hydrogen from the hydrocarbon are oxidised oxidation can be defined as the gain of oxygen.
3) hydrocarbons are used as fuels due to the amount of energy released when they combust completely.
1) the complete combustion of any hydrocarbon in oxygen releases lots of energy the only waste product are carbon dioxide and water vapour hydrocarbon+oxygen---->carbon dioxide+water
4) you need to be able to give a balanced symbol equation for the complete combustion of a simple hydrocarbon fuel when your giving a molecule formula
crude oil
1)crude oil s a fossil fuel its formed from the remains of plants and animals mainly plankton that died millions of years ago and were buried in mud over millions of years with high temperatures and pressure the remains turned to crude oil which can be drilled up from the rocks where its found
2) fossil fuels like coal oil and gas are called non renewable fuels as they take so long to make that thyre being used up uch faster than they are being formed
fractional distillation how its used
the oil is heated until most of it has turned into gas the gases enter a fractionating column
in the column there's a temperature gradient
the longer hydrocarbons have high boiling point they condense bank into liquids and drained out of the column early on when they are near the bottom
you end up with the crude oil mixture separated out into different fractions each fraction contain a mixture of hydrocarbons that all contain similar number of carbon atoms
uses in life
oil provides the fuel for most modern transport cars trains planes the lot deiseal oil kerosene heavy fuel oil and lpg all come from crude oil
the petrochemical industry use some of the hydrocarbons from crude oil as a feed stock to make new compounds for use in things like polymers
all products are examples of organic compounds carbon atoms can bond together from different groups called homologous series
cracking splitting up
as well as alkanes cracking also produces another type of hydrocarbons called alkenes used as starting materials when making lots of other compounds and can be used to make polymers
when orange bromine water is added to an alkane no reaction will happen and itll stay bright orange
if bromine water is added to an alkene a reaction occurs because alkenes this result in a colour less compound being produced and the bromine water decoloured
some of the product of cracking are useful as fuels
lots of longer alkane molecules produced from fractional distillation they are turned into smaller ones with the process of cracking
short chain hydrocarbons are flammable to make good fuels and in high demand long chains are thick gloopy liquids
different methods of cracking
4)the long chain molecules split apart on the surface of the specks of catalyst
5)you can crack them if you vaporise them mix them with steam and then heat them to a very high temperature known as steam cracking .
3)then the vapour can be passed over a hot powdered aluminium oxide catalyst
2) the first step is to heat long chain hydrocarbons to vaporise them
1) cracking is a thermal decomposition reaction breaking molecules down by heating them