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Period 5 1844-1877 (KC 5.1.1 - Popular enthusiasm for US expansion,…
Period 5 1844-1877
KC 5.1.1 - Popular enthusiasm for US expansion, bolstered by eco and security interests, resulted in the acquisition of new territories, substantial migration W and new overseas initiatives
The US added large territories in the W through victory in the Mex-American War and diplomatic negotiations, raising ??s about status of slavery, NA, and Mex in new lands
W migration was boosted during and after the Civil War by the passage of new legislation promoting W transportation and eco development
Advoctes of annexing W lands argued that Manifest Destiny and the superiority of American institutions compelled the US to expand the borders W to Pacific
US interest in expanding trade led to eco, diplomatic, and cultural initiatives to create more ties w Asia
desire for access to natural and mineral resources and the hope of many settlers for eco opportunities or religious refuge led to increased migration to W
KC 5.3.2 - Reconstruction and the Civil War ended slavery, altered relationships between states and the fed gov, and led to debates over new definitions of citizenship (AA, women, minorities)
Efforts by radical and mod rep to change balance of power between congress and the presidency and to reorder race relations in defeated S yielded some short-term successes. Reconstruction opened up pol opportunities and other leadership roles to former slaves (failed - S resistance, N waning resolve)
S plantation owners cont. to own the majority of the region's land even after Reconstruction. Former slaves sought land ownership but fell short of self-sufficiency (exploitative and soil-intensive sharecropping system limited blacks and poor whites access to land in S)
Women's rights movement was both emboldened, and divided over 14th and 15th amendments
Segregation, violence, SC decisions, and local pol tactics progressively stripped away AA rights, but 14 and 15 amendment eventually became the basis for court decisions upholding civil rights in 20th century
13th amendment abolished slavery, 14th and 15th amendments granted AA citizenship, equal protection under the laws, and voting rights
KC 5.2.2 - Debates over slavery came to dominate pol discussion in the 1850s, culminating in the bitter election of 1860 and the secession of S states
The courts and national leaders made a variety of attempts to resolve the issue of slavery in the territories, including the Compromise of 1950, the Kansas-Nebraska Act, and the Dred Scott decision, but these ultimately failed to reduce conflict
The Second Party System ended when the issues of slavery and anti-immigrant nativism weakened loyalties to the 2 major parties and fostered the emergence of sectional parties (Republican Party in N)
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Abe Lincoln vectory on the Reps free-soil platform in the presidential election of 1960 was accomplished w/o any S electoral votes. after series of contested debates about secession, most slave states voted to secede from union = civil war
KC 5.3.1 - The N's greater manpower and industrial resources, the leadership of Abraham Lincoln and others, and the decision to free slaves eventually led to the Union victory over the Confed in the Civil War
Lincoln and most Union supporters began the Civil War to preserve the Union - Lincoln's decision to issue the Emancipation Proclamation reframed the purpose of the war and helped prevent the Confed from gaining full diplomatic support from EU powers. Many AA fled S and enlisted in Union army
Lincoln sought to reunify the country and used speeches such as the Gettysburg Address to portray the struggle against slavery as the fulfillment of America's founding dem ideals
Both the Union and the Confed mobilized their eco nd society to wage the war even while facing considerable home front opposition
Confed showed military initiative and daring early on, Union ultimately succeeded bc of improvements in leadership and strategy, key victories, greater resources, and the wartime destruction of S infrastructure
KC 5.1.2 - in the 1840s and 1850s, Americans continued to debate questions about rights and citizenship for various groups of US inhabitants
Strongly anti-catholic nativist movement arose that was aimed at limiting new immigrants pol power and cultural influence
US gov interaction and conflict w Mex-Americans and NA increased in regions newly taken from NA and Mx, altering these groups economic self-sufficiency and cultures
Substantial #s of international migrants continued to arrive in the US from EU and Asia (mainly from Ireland and Germany) - settled in ethnic communities where they could preserve elements of their languages and customs
KC 5.2.1 - Ideological and eco diff over slavery produced an array of diverging responses from Americans in the N and S
AA and white abolitionists (minority in N) mounted a highly visible campaign against slavery, presenting moral arguments against institution, assisting slave escapes, and sometimes expressing a willingness to use violence to achieve goals
Defenders of slavery based their arg. on racial doctrine that slavery is a positive social good and that it is protected by the constitution
The N expanding manufacturing eco relied on free labor in contrast to the S eco dependence on slave labor. some N did not object to slavery on principle but claimed that slavery would undermine the free-labor market. = a free-soil movement arose that portrayed the expansion of slavery as incompatible w free labor