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Period 7: 1890-1945
Period 7: 1890-1945
7.3.2 WWI and its aftermath intensified ongoing debates about the nation's role in the world and how best to achieve national security and pursue American interests.
After initial neutrality in WWI, the nation entered the conflict, departing from the US foreign policy tradition of noninvolvement in European affairs, in response to Woodrow Wilson's call for the defense of humanitarian and democratic principles.
Although the American Expeditionary Forces played a limited role in combat, the US's entry helped to tip the balance of the conflict in favor of the Allies.
Despite Wilson's deep involvement in postwar negotiations, the US Senate refused to ratify the Treaty of Versailles or join the League of Nations.
In the years following WWI, the US pursued a unilateral foreign policy that used international investment, peace treaties, and select military intervention to promote a vision of international order, even while maintaining US isolationism.
In the 1930s, while many were concerned about the rise of fascism and totalitarianism, most opposed taking military action against the aggression of Nazi Germ and Japan until the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor drew the US into WWII.
7.3.3 US participation in WWII transformed American society, while the victory of the US and its allies over the Axis powers vaulted the US into a position of global, political, and military leadership.
Americans viewed the war as a fight for the survival of freedom and democracy against fascist and militarist ideologies. This perspective was later reinforced by revelations about Japanese wartime atrocities, Nazi concentration camps, and the Holocaust.
The mass mobilization of American society helped end the Great Depression, and the country's strong industrial base played a pivotal role in winning the war by equipping and provisioning allies and millions of US troops.
Mobilization and military service provided opportunities for women and minorities to improve their socioeconomic positions for the war's duration, while also leading to debates over racial segregation. Wartime experiences also generated challenges to civil liberties, such as the internment of Japanese Americans.
The US and its allies achieved military victory through Allied cooperation, technological and scientific advances, the contributions of servicemen and women, and campaigns such as Pacific "island-hopping" and the D-Day invasion. The use of atomic bombs hastened the end of the war and sparked debates about the morality of using atomic weapons.
The war-ravaged condition of Asia and Europe, and the dominant US role in the Allied victory and postwar peace settlements, allowed the US to emerge from the war as the most powerful nation on earth.
7.1.2 In the Progressive Era of the early 20th cent, Progressives responded to political corruption, economic instability, and social concerns by calling for greater gov action and other political and social measures.
Some Progressive Era journalists attacked what they saw as political corruption, social injustice, and economic inequality, while reformers, often from the middle and upper classes and including women, worked to effect social changes in cities and among immigrant populations.
On the national level, Progressives sought fed legislation they believed would regulate the economy, expand democracy, and generate moral reform. Progressive amendments to the Constitution dealt with issues like prohibition and woman suffrage.
Preservationists and conservationists both supported the est. of national parks while advocating different gov responses to the overuse of natural resources.
Progressives were divided over many issues. Some supported southern segregation, and others ignored its presence. Some advocated expanding popular participation in gov and others called for more reliance on professional and technical experts to make gov more efficient. Also disagreed on immigration restrictionl
7.2.1 Popular culture grew in influence in US society, even as debates increased over the effects of culture on public values, morals, and American national identity.
Migration gave rise to new forms of art and literature that expressed ethnic and regional identities: Harlem Renaissance movement.
New forms of mass media contributed to spread of national culture and awareness of regional cultures.
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Official restrictions on freedom of speech grew during WWI, as increased anxiety about radicalism led to a Red Scare and attacks on labor activism and immigrant culture.
In the 1920s, cultural and political controversies emerged as Americans debated gender roles, modernism, science, religion, and issues related to race and immigration.
7.2.2 Economic pressures, global events, and political developments caused sharp variations in the numbers, sources, and experiences of both international and internal migrants.
Immigration from Europe reached its peak in the years before WWI. During and after WWI, nativist campaigns against some ethnic groups led to the passage of quotas that restricted immigration, particularly from southern and eastern Europe, and increased barriers to Asian immigration.
The increased demand for war production and labor during WWI and WWII and the economic difficulties of the 1930s led many Americans to migrate to urban centers in search of economic opportunites.
In a Great Migration during and after WWI, blacks escaping segregation, racial violence, and limited economic opportunity in the S moved to N and W, where they found new opportunities but still experienced discrimination.
Migration to US from Mex and elsewhere in the Western Hemisphere increased, in spite of contradictory gov policies toward Mexican immigration
7.1.1 The US continued its transition from a rural, ag based economy to an urban, industrial economy led by large companies.
New technologies and manufacturing techniques helped focus the US economy on the production of consumer goods, contributing to improved standards of living, greater personal mobility, and better communications systems.
By 1920, a majority of US population lived in urban centers, which offered new economic opportunities for women, international migrants, and internal migrants.
Episodes of credit and market instability in the early 20th cent, in particular the Great Depression, led to calls for stronger financial regulatory system.
7.1.3 During the 1930s, policymakers responded to the mass unemployment and social upheavals of the Great Depression by transforming US into a limited welfare state, redefining the goals and ideas of modern American liberalism.
FDR's New Deal attempted to end Great Depression by using gov power to provide relief to poor, stimulate recovery, and reform the American economy.
Radical, union, and populist movements pushed Roosevelt toward more extensive efforts to change American economic system, while conservatives in Cong and Supreme Court sought to limit New Deal's scope.
New Deal didn't end Depression, but did leave a legacy of reforms and regulatory agencies and fostered long-term political realignment in which many ethnic groups (AA) and working class communities identified with Democratic Party.
7.3.1 In the late 19th century and early 20th century, new US territorial ambitions and acquisitions in the Western Hemisphere and the Pacific accompanied heightened public debates in America's role in the world.
Imperialists cited economic opportunities, racial theories, competition with European empires, and the perception in the 1890s that the western frontier was "closed" to argue that Americans were destined to expand their culture and institutions to peoples around the globe.
Anti-imperialists cited principles of self-determination and invoked both racial theories and the US foreign policy tradition of isolationism to argue that the US should not extend its territory overseas.
The American victory in the Spanish-American War led to the US acquisition of island territories in the Caribbean and the Pacific, an increase in involvement in Asia, and the suppression of a nationalist movement in the Philippines.