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Henry VIII's Government (How did Henry govern? (1509 - 1514 (Conciliar…

- - - - Successes?
        No major reform - keeping Henry's most experienced officials to ensure continuity. Wolsey passed the Eltham ordinances when the king demanded reofrm, and this allowed him to reduce the privy Chamber from 12 to 6 men, removing opponents such as William Compton. He also dominated the counsel by appointing 20 members who were often away on kings business. It was successful for Wolsey!
        Failure?
        Wolsey manipulated it for his own gain! King wanted more access to the counsel and Privy chamber, along with less cost - not more Wolsey control!
    - - Success?
        Assisted by John Hales, a judge in the court of the exchequer, they moved towards a system where taxpayers were assessed by local officers who were supervised by commissioners, and only adults a who had a certain amount of income could pay tax, and the limit varied depending on parliaments ruling
        Failure?
        Propertied class who owned a house were hit hardest by this, and when parliament voted on 4 shillings in the pound being taxed, less than half of the anticipated £800,000 was raised. The collection of instalments also caused issues, and in Feb 1525 the second instalment of this tax caused mass protest.
    - - Successes?
        JPs and local magnates attended court and participated in swearing allegiance to the king - loyalty and control
        Some gentry were given unsalaried positions in court - encouraged loyalty for further promotion
        Star Chamber was used to discourage those in court from being disloyal, with Sir William Bulmer, a supporter of Buckingham, and Sir Robert Sheffield, who was accused of homocide, both being taken to the Star Chamber
        Wolsey insisted as many JPs as possible should attend court - JPs implemented the law so should have good links with the king.
        Failures?
        Wolsey alter rex? - Hampton Court was JP training centre
        King a more ceremonious role?
        Wolsey commanding loyalty - not the king?
    - - Successes?
        Wolsey intellectually interested in law, believing justice should be cheap, impartial, and regardless of rank
        Star Chamber controlling the nobility - cases rose from 12 to 120 a year
        Wolsey asked for any complaint to be taken to the court - nobles abusing their power were policed!
        Failures?
        Investigations for his own gain? Prosecuted Henry Standish an enemy, getting revenge for a previous disagreement
        Star Chamber soon overloaded, and by 1529 the chamber was abandoning cases or deferring them to other courts
    - - Successes?
        Wolsey launched an enquiry into illegal enclosure - evidence against 264 landlords, with 74 entered into recognisances to rebuild farmhouses and return lands
        Failures?
        Wolsey reversed his enquiry in 1523 in order to gain support from MPs and Lords who owned land - to pass taxation
    - - Failure?
        Only called 2 parliaments - in 1515 and 1523
        1515 was very intense and dominated by church affairs, with Wolsey dismissing them early before the vote on taxation. 1523 was similar, about the taxation for the war with France, with Thomas more reminding Wolsey he had no right to be inside parliament. Amicable grant shows poor relationship with them
    - - Successes?
        He dealt with food racketeers with the Star Chamber - fixing poultry prices in London and investigating beef, mutton and veal prices. He also used proclamations against grain dealers who profiteered, but did nothing to enforce this - in 1520 six grain merchants were brought to him but he was too busy
        Failures?
        No long term improvements, and anger from butchers and cattle farmers
    - - Success?
        Genuine attempt to serve the king
        Failure?
        Didn't want to call parliament, and the taxation from 1523 was still being collected, so Wolsey called his commissioners and called a benevolence - basically a forced loan. It was so unpopular Wolsey had to take this back and request it from a few selected payers. Lavenham in Suffolk saw 10,000 men rise up and threaten to spread to Essex and Cambridgeshire - was suppressed by Dukes of Norfolk and Suffolk
        Wolsey had to publicly pardon them and pay prison expenses to the prisoners