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JAPANESE WOMEN (TAISHO 1913-26 (Ichikawa Fusae (Focused on right to vote…

- - - - Easy to be accused of Communist activity - concerns in work place, factories
  - - - Influential in women gaining suffrage post-war
        
        Stated in an interview after suffrage was granted that they would likely have gotten the vote anyway thanks to pre-war suffrage and war effort - Yoneyama
    - - Wrote letters and criticised foreign policy and Manchukuo
- - - - Help to get economy off ground - stimulus and growth
      - Realistically only right-wing women do well - splashy appointments and not much else
        
        Govt cut benefit for single mothers in 2003 and 2006
        
        Effort focus on married women
        
        Big name policies e.g. Toyota bu need to tackle root causes
      - Tomomi Inada, first female Minister of Defence
        
        V right-wing - visits Yakasuni shrine, denies Nanking - forced to step down amid scandal
      - Abe pledges to reduce child care waiting times - too ambitious?
        
        Population clusters around cities increasingly
        
        Attempts to guarantee nursery place whilst pregnant - but need to have a job. Not entitled if already have a child
        
        Conservative opposition - natural to quit job to raise child
      - Japan lowest for managerial ratio white paper 2014
  - - - Been out of workforce for a while - usually leave to raise children
      - Have to list family members - if no husband, questioned and may not get job
      - Can sue for child support but difficult and usually don't get much
- - - - Societal change - more women in factories, more rights
      - But post-war occupiers see men as supporters, women hapless victims Yana
    - - Yoneyama and Kweon - lack of critical study on role in colonialism
      - Initially young lower class men during R-J war - gender gap shrank quickly unlike Europe. 102:100 by 1943 - Kweon
      - Privleges, education and opportunities due to being colonialists - Kweon
        
        Higher levels of employment than mainlandKweon
        
        Modernisation - Korea as blueprint for modern Japan. Department stores, bars, cinemas, transportationR Kweon
        
        Remembered as more modern due to town and villages returned to as evacuees? Kweon
        
        Mocked for consumerism - too material oreined and extravagant Kweon
        
        Shopping gave economic role Kweon
        
        Middle class often had Korean maids and nannies - their labour worth less Kweon
      - Women raised and 2nd not wife material
        
        Women raised there not necessarily interested in Japan Kweon
        
        Women who returned kept values - Kweon
        
        Questioning of gender idealogy not done organised or in public Kweon
      - Kweon - most didn't engage in pro govt activities exp few elites - didn't need to? auto oppress e.g. labour
      - In Manchuria after outbreak of Japan-China was in 37, men sent to army - women and children left behind Tamanoi
      - Govt encouraged single women to marry agricultural settlers - Tamanoi
    - - Anti-working women feeling in media - school teachers gossip etc - KWeon
  - - - right to vote 1945
      - Right to participate - women in govt for first time - 39 in diet 1946
      - Workshops, lessons, pamphlets and radio shows about democracy and gender equality - considered foreign, hard to grasp - skits Koikari
      - Japanese not hugely involved in granting of rights
        
        Gender reform left to low-ranking US women - not many resources - women in Civil Information and Education Section didn't know Japan or have desks - Koikari
    - - Emphasis on female liberation obscured how unfree occupation was e.g. censorship, undemocratic
      - Important in how US sees itself
      - Universality, success and popularity of democracy and capitalism
        
        Japan important bulwark against Communism
      - Narrow defintion of democracy - once explained to a women's group sroted
    - - West as liberators, progressive Koikari
      - Reform projects by nature disseminated western values and customs - americanisation - Koikari
      - Beate Sirota Gordon draft constitution orientalis
    - - Went all over to reach different groups
      - Union activism of working-class women suppressed - Communist. Orderd to disband - Koikari