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KOREAN LABOUR (WAR-TIME EXPLOITATION (Most issues begin to stem from post…

- - - - Almost interred in US same time as Japanese - boundaries blurred
      - Govt had few staff who spoke Korean - not important
- - - - Footage found in 2017 in SK from US archives
      - War crimes trials focused on white victims - little on colonial empire victims
        
        Sexual assault only discussed in relation to Nanking
- - - - Knew it was illegal but did anyway
      - Mostly government but private were used to fill gaps
      - Made big profits
      - Nam- Mitsubishi - China - market
    - - Not comfort women
      - Controlled and watched at every level to prevent escape
      - Nationalised connecting ships - luxury and travel for Japanese, slave ships for Koreans - not allowed above deck
  - - - 1989 death of emperor - less taboo to discuss his role
    - - End of Cold War meant more attention to crimes
      - Played important role in foundation of Japanese war memory
    - - Tendency to think of conflict in terms of US v Japan - see selves as victims
  - - - But treated separately after defeat - not eligible for relief from govt, pensions, compensation - not Japanese nationals
    - - No specific govt apology for forced labour - only comfort women
      - 1.9 trillion yen annually on Japanese war victims - 1 tr total on Asian
        
        Countries that needed were weakened by war and occupation - not in position to pursue str8 away
      - Apathy in mainstream Japanese society
    - - Few settled wages or provided route back home - many kicked out and forced to stay in Japan
    - - Also citizen participation
    - - Alliances internatinally -UN from 92
        
        Racial accusations
      - Govt initially support but stopped pushing - again ~2015
      - Creation of Asian Women's Fund - shift responsibility
- - - - Blood ties to those involved in opium trade that used forced Korean labour e.g. Kishi Nobusuke
      - Kobayashi Yoshinori - manga artist popular with right-wing young men
        
        Idea of masochistic history
        
        Member of Japanese Society for History Textbook Reform
        
        Downplayed Nanjing massacre "incident" and comfort women
        
        Accused of rewriting history
        
        Japanese as liberating Asia and building infrastructure
      - Deniers often quite prominent - not fringes like Holocaust deniers
        
        Nippon Kaigi nationalist association - PM supreme advisor
      - Demands for 1993 Kono Statement to be repealed
        
        Investigated and found to be true 2014
  - - - BATTLESHIP ISLAND
        
        Film about Japanese exploitation of Korean labour
        
        Huge ficitonal battle for freedom at end
        
        V poplar in SK
    - - Japanese demanded it be taken down
      - Empty chair for japanese to sit and take responsbility
      - Became public sculpture in 2017 - difficult to demolish or take down
      - Government intimidation
        
        Also in California and Busan