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Life (Homeostasis (Maintained on Earth by Nutrient Cycles (Phosphorus…
Life
Homeostasis
Organisms maintain homeostasis by:
regulation achieved via
heat exchanges via regulation
ectotherm relies on heat gained
more vulnerable to predation
can live on less food
less successful in cold enviornments
more energy avaliable for reproduction
Endotherm produces heat
active in winter and night
maintains heat to warm tissue
need large quantity of energy dense food
can sustain high aerobic activity
negative feeback
such as blood clotting
Postitive Feedback
such as giving birth
homeotherm
keeps a constant temperature
poikilotherm
allows temperature to rise and fall
has a set point
sensor senses the set point
integrator evaluates sensor
effector changes what is going on
Maintained on Earth by Nutrient Cycles
Phosphorus Cycle
largest reservoir earth's crust
Nitrogen Cycle
largest reservoir atmosphere
Carbon Cycle
largest reservoir is ocean
Water Cycle
largest reservoir is ocean
Organisms
Plants
use a roots and shoots system
shoots: everything above ground
stems
nodes
leaf
auxiliary bud
branch
Roots
absorb nutrients in the soil
anchor the plant
tissues
vascular: transportation
ground: storage, support, photosynthesis
collenchyma
parenchyma
sclerenchyma
dermal: production
contain hormones
auxin
ethylene
brassinosteroids
abscisic acid
gibberellins
cytokinins
Defense System
pathogens
entry points
bacteria and fungi
vascular system allows pathogens to move long distances
cuticle of epidermis
ways to stop pathogens
produce antimicrobial compounds
closing stomata
plugging xylem
hypersensitive response
types of defenses
mechanical
chemical
ecological
arms races
respond to light
phototropins
photoreceptor proteins
that can sense blue light
cause the plant to bend towards the blue light and open stomata to trigger photosynthesis
Humans
are composed of many body systems
nervous system
somatic v. autonomic
parasympathetic
long pre-ganglionic cells
"rest and digest"
Sympathetic
short pre-ganglionic cells
"fight or flight"
composed of neurons
basic neuron structure
highly branded short projections
cell body
action potential
hyper polarization
moving from resting membrane potential to a more negative value
depolarization
moving from RMP to less negative values
repolarization
potential moving back to RMP
propagation of signals
continuous conduction
occurs in unmyelinated axons
saltatory conduction
occurs in myelinated axons
contains sensory receptors
Mechanoreceptors
nociceptors
somatic sensory receptors
photoreceptors
thermoreceptors
Evolution
causes changes in a population
Genetic Drift
random fluctuations in allele frequency
Natural Selection
reduce genetic variability
Morphological Species Concept
independent lineages
Biological Species Concept
interbreeding populations
MAY create fertile viable offspring
no gene flow
common ancestor
barriers
post zygotic
zygote in viability
hybrid sterility
pre zygotic
temporal isolation
lock and key
ecological isolation
geographic separation
difficult to apply to extinct organisms
Landscape of Variation
Allopatric Speciation
populations isolated geographically
Sympatric Speciation
Gene Flow
movement/exchange of genes
Mutation
Source of new alleles
Charles Darwin contributed by:
publishing on Origin of Species
discovered Descent with Modification
all organisms are related
Hardy-Weinberg
p^2 +2pq + q^2
conditions must be met
random mating
no mutation
no natural selection
no migration
large population
used to calculate genotype frequency
Ecology
Ecosystems
track energy flow in
foodwebs
tracks the flow of biomass
summarizes interactions between
trophic levels
tertiary consumer
primary consumer
primary producer
decomposer
secondary consumer
contain
organisms
differentiate into
species
are made up of interbreeding members of the same
population
changes in size
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has boundaries
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geographic distribution
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can interact through
interspecies interactions
mutualism (+/+)
commensalism (+/0)
Competition (-/-)
Parasitism (+/-)