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Period 4 1800-1848 (KC 4.1.1 - The nation's transition to a more…
Period 4 1800-1848
KC 4.1.1 - The nation's transition to a more participatory democracy was achieved by expanding suffrage from a system based on property ownership to one based on voting by all adult white men, and it was accompanied by the growth of political parties
Sup Court decisions established the primacy of the judiciary in determining the meaning of the constitution and asserted that fed laws took precedence over state laws
1820s and 1830s, new pol parties arose - the dem (andrew jackson) and the whigs (henry clay) - that disagreed about the role and powers of the fed gov and issues such as the national bank, tariffs, and fed funded internal improvements
in the early 1800s, national pol parties continued to debate issues sich as the tariff, powers of fed gov and relations with EU powers
Regional interests often trumped national concerns as the basis for many pol leaders positions on slavery and eco policy
KC 4.1.2 - Americans embraced a new national culture, various groups developed distinctive cultures of their own
New national culture emerged that combined American elements, EU influences, and regional cultural sensibilities
Liberal social ideas from abroad and Romantic beliefs in human perfectibility influenced literature, art, philosophy, and architecture
the rise of dem and indiv beliefs, a response to rationalism, and changes to society caused by the market revolution, along w greater social and geographical mobility, contributed to a Second Great Awakening among Protestants that influenced moral and social reforms and inspired utopian and other religious movements
Enslaved blacks and free AA created communities and strategies to protect their dignity and family structures, and they joined pol efforts aimed at changing their status
KC 4.2.3 - Eco development shaped settlement and trade patterns, helping to unify the nations while also encouraging the growth of different regions
Increasing S cotton production and the related growth of N manufacturing, banking, and shipping industries promoted the development of national and international commercial ties
S business leaders continued to rely on the production and export of traditional agriculture staples, contributing to the growth of a distinctive S regional identity
Large #s of international migrants moved to industrializing N cities, Americans moved W of Appalachians (developed new thriving communities along the Ohio and Mississippi rivers)
Plans to further unify the US eco, (American system) generated debates over whether policies would benefit ag or indust., potentially favoring diff sections of the country
KC 4.1.3 - Increasing numbers of Americans, many inspired by new religious and intellectual movements, worked primarily outside of gov institutions to advance their ideals
Abolitionist and antislavery movements gradually achieved emancipation in the N, contributing to the growth of the free AA population, even as many state gov restricted AA rights. Antislavery efforts in the S were largely limited to unsuccessful slave rebellions
Women's rights movement sought to create greater equality and opportunities for women, expressing its ideals at the Seneca Falls Convention
Americans formed new voluntary organizations that aimed to change indiv behaviors and improve society through temperance and other reform efforts
KC 4.2.2 - The changes caused by the market revolution had significant effects on U.S. society, workers' lives, and gender and family relations
The growth of manufacturing drove a significant increase in prosperity and standards of living for some; this led to the emergence of a larger middle class and a small but wealthy business elite but also to a large and growing population of laboring poor
Gender and family roles changed in response to the market revolution (domestic ideals that emphasized the separation of public and private spheres)
Increasing numbers of Americans, especially women and men working in factories, no longer relied on semi-subsistence ag; instead they supported themselves producing goods for distant markets
KC 4.2.1 - New transportation systems and tech dramatically expanded manufacturing and ag production
Innovations including textile machinery, steam engines, interchangeable parts, the telegraph, and ag inventions increased the efficiency of production methods
Legislation and judicial systems supported the development of roads, canals and RR, which extended and enlarged markets and helped foster regional interdependence. Transportation networks lined the N and MW more closely than they were linked to the S
Entrepreneurs helped to create a market revolution in production and commerce, in which market relationships between producer and consumer came to prevail as the manufacture of goods became more organized
KC 4.3.2 - The US acquisition of lands in the W gave rise to contests of the extension of slavery into new territories
Antislavery efforts increased in the N, while in the S most leaders argued that slavery was part of the S way of life (majority of S owned no slaves)
Congressional attempts at pol compromise, like Missouri Compromise, only temp. stemmed growing tensions between opponents and defenders of slavery
over cultivation depleted arable land in the SE = slaveholders began relocating their plantations to more fertile lands W of Appalachians, where the institution of slavery continued to grow
KC 4.3.1 - Struggling to create an independent global presence, the US sought to claim territory throughout the N American continent and promote foreign trade
Following the LA Purchase, the US gov sought influence and control over N American and the W Hemisphere through a variety of means; including exploration, military actions, NA remocal, and diplomatic efforts such as the Monroe Doctrine
Frontier settlers tended to champion expansion efforts, while NA resistance led to a sequence of wars and fed efforts to control and relocate NA populations