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Tropical Rainforests (The Amazon: Management (Parcia Project, Ronodia…

- - - - Sponsored by local authorities, NGOs + businesses
      - Progress generally slow
    - - Will mature for 25 years
      - Financial assistance given to smallholdings
    - - Sequesters C in trees + soil
      - Although monoculture (=unable to replicate BD of primary forest) it is sustainable
      - Reduces CO2 emissions from deforestation
      - Re-establishes water + C cycles
      - Reduces runoff + loss of plant nutrients from soil
  - - - Timber for construction
      - Food crops
      - Sustainable income thru logging
  - - - C credits can be purchased by international
    - - Natura (TNC) purchased 120,000 tonnes of credits from Suri
  - - - Low soil fertility = unsustainable cultivation
      - Smallholders abandoned plots = low quality grassland
    - - Rotational cropping + combination of livestock and arable operations = soil fertility maintained
      - Integrating crops + livestock = fivefold increase in ranching productivity + slows deforestation rates
    - - Composed of
        
        Charcoal
        
        Attracts micro-orgs + fungi
        
        = soils retain fertility LT
        
        Waste
        
        Human manure
      - Recreation of dark soils = intensive + permanent cultivation
        
        = reduced deforestation + C emissions
- - - - High avg. annual temps. 25-30 degrees
        
        Intense insolation year-round
        
        Small seasonal variations
      - High avg. rainfall - over 200mm + no dry season
        
        Mostly convectional rainfall
        
        Drier periods experienced
      - Sig. cloud cover
        
        So max. temps. don't reach that of sub-tropical deserts
    - - 50-60% is recycled by evapotransp.
      - High avg. rainfall - over 200mm
      - Evenly distributed throut the year - drier seasons can occur
      - High density, convectional rainfall
      - High interception - 10% of precip.
      - Intercepted rainfall accounts for 20-25% of all evap.
    - - High rates bc of:
        
        High temps
        
        Abundant moisture
        
        Dense veg.
      - Strong evapotransp. - precip. feedback loops = high rainfall totals
      - 50% of rainfall is returned to the atmosphere via evapotransp.
    - - Rapid runoff bc of high rainfall
    - - High temps = atmosphere holds lots of moisture = high absolute humidity
      - High absolute + relative humidity
    - - Sig. water storage in soils + aquifers bc of rainfall + deep tropical soils
    - - Trees absorb + store water from soil + release it thru transp.
  - - - Impermeable catchments
      - Large areas of Amazon Basin consist of impermeable crystaline rocks
      - The catchments have minimal water storage capacity = rapid runoff
    - - Most of basin comprises extensive lowlands
      - Gentle relief areas = overland flow + thruflow to streams + rivers
      - Andes in W = steep catchments + rapid runoff
      - Annual widespread inundation across floodplains
        
        Stores water for several months
        
        Slows water movements into rivers
    - - High annual temps. = high evaportransp. rates
      - Strong convection =
        
        High atmospheric humidity
        
        Storm clouds
        
        Intense precip.
      - ater is recycled continuously between land, trees + atmosphere via evapo., transp., + precip
  - - - Largest tributary
      - Much of flooding was plain inundated
      - 60 dead
      - Human activity modified the Upper Maderia basin
        
        Deforestation = decreased water storage in
        
        Trees - cut down
        
        Soils - eroded
        
        Permeable rocks - more rapid runoff
        
        Atmospehre
      - Main factor was deforestation in Bolivia + Peru
        
        2000-2012 - 30,000 km2 cleared for cattle ranching
        
        Most of the deforestationw as on steep lower slopes of Andes
        
        = decreased water storage + rapid runoff
    - - Extract moisture from soils
      - Interception
      - Transpiration
      - Stabalise forest Albedo + ground temps.
      - = high atmospheric humidity
- - - - Emphasises the speed of decomposition as such poor soils support a t biome with the highest NPP
    - - Sequester 1 Pg/C/year
      - Absorbs 2.4 billion tonnes of CO2 every year; releases 1.7 billion
  - - - Forest
      - Living orgs.
      - Soil
      - Atmosphere
    - - High temps.
      - High rainfall
      - Intense sunlight
    - - Leaf litter + organic matter accumulates temp. at the soil surface
      - High temps. + humid conds. = rapid decomp.
    - - Basin is dominated by ancient igneous rocks + metamorphic rocks
      - Carboantes are absent from mineral decomposition of the rocks
      - Limestone is found in western parts of basin + is sig. in regional C store in slow cycle
  - - - Exhausts the biomass store
        
        Pasture contains a v. small amount of C compared to trees
      - Reduces inputs of organic matter to soil
      - Primary forest - tree biomass = 60% of all C in ecosystem
      - Soil depleted of C + exposed to strong sunlight = fewer decomposers
        
        = reduced flow of C from soil to atmosphere
    - - Principal store of plant nutrients is in trees
      - Rainforest soil contains few essential nutrients - the forest is sustained by a rapid nutrient cycle
      - Main nutrient store is trees
      - Nutrient no longer taken up by tree roots are washed out of soils by rainwater
      - Support fewer decomposers = reduced flows of C from soil to atmosphere bc of
        
        C depletion
        
        Sunlight exposure
      - Leached + acidic soils = limited C + nutrient stores
        
        Emphasises the speed organic matter is broken down, mineralised + recycled
- - - - Almost all its forests are gone
    - - Loggers
      - Slash + burn
      - Palm oil/timber plantations made
    - - 2.6 million hectares of forests burnt down
      - Emitted more greenhouse gases in 3 weeks than Germany in a year
      - Cost $16 billion bc of
        
        Forestry
        
        Agriculture
        
        Tourism
      - 100,000 dead
      - Resposes
        
        Gov. agency created to restore peatlands
        
        Paris agreement - President agreed to cut greenhouse gas emissions by 30% by 2030
  - - - 15 million hectares of peatland
      - Wet + acidic - prevents organic matter from fully decaying
      - Good C store
      - Extremely flammable when it dries out
      - Were very vulnearbale bc of
        
        Drought + draining peatlands to grow crops
    - - When burnt, they are 200 times more damaging to atmosphere than other veg. types bc:
        
        Store C
        
        Release methane - 20-30 more potent that CO2
      - Take longer to generate than other forests
      - Sumatra - 90% of deforestation was bc of farm-oil companies
      - Large companies take this soil bc loclas own the more productive land
        
        Bribing officials + getting access to thousands of hectares of nominally protected land is easier, quicker and cheaper than negotiating with comms. for more productive land
        
        Gov. is unable to stop large companies bc decentralisation has given local govs. too much power
    - - More arrests for arson
      - Several companies fined for their role in the use of peatlands that caused 2015's fires
      - Some locals are growing native hardwoods to help restore forest peatlands