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CHAPTER 22 China and India (Key Terms and People: (Goumindang-the…
CHAPTER 22
China and India
Key Topics:
China 1925-89
India, 1914-91
Comparing China and India: What Difference Does It make?
Key Terms and People:
Goumindang
-the political party founded in 1911 by Sun Yat-sen; it governed China under Chiang Kai-shek from 1928 until 1949 when the Communists took power and subsequently was the official ruling party of Taiwan
Chiang Kai-shek-
Chinese military and political figure; in the Chinese civil war that followed World War II he was defeated by the Chinese communists and in 1949 was forced to withdraw to Taiwan where he served as president of Nationalist China until his death
Mao Zedong-
Chinese communist leader
The Long March-
riven from southern and eastern China by Chiang Kai-shek at the end of the 1920s, the communist leader Mao Zedong led his forces on a long march to safety in the northwest part of China
Soviet-
an elected governmental council in a communist country
Footbinding-
the compressing of the feet of girls with tight bandages so as to keep the feet from being over three or four inches long
Mao’s revolutionary policies-
The movement was launched in May 1966, after Mao alleged that bourgeois elements had infiltrated the government and society at large, aiming to restore capitalism
Sun Yat-sen-
Chinese political and revolutionary leader
“Great Leap Forward”-
the attempt by the People's Republic of China in 1959–60 to solve the country's economic problems by labour-intensive industrialization
Cultural Revolution-
a radical sociopolitical movement in China c1966–71, led by Mao Zedong and characterized by military rule, terrorism, purges, restructuring of the educational system, etc.
Tiananmen Square-
a large plaza in central Beijing, China: noted especially as the site of major student demonstrations in 1989 suppressed by the government
Irredentist-
) a member of an Italian association that became prominent in 1878, advocating the redemption, or the incorporation into Italy, of certain neighboring regions
Tibet-
an administrative division of China, N of the Himalayas: prior to 1950 a theocracy under the Dalai Lama; the highest country in the world
Dalai Lama-
an administrative division of China, N of the Himalayas: prior to 1950 a theocracy under the Dalai Lama; the highest country in the world
Mohandas Gandhi-
a political and spiritual leader during India's struggle with Great Britain for home rule; an advocate of passive resistance
Amritsar Massacre-
When troops of the British Indian Army under the command of Colonel Reginald Dyer fired rifles into a crowd of Indians, who had gathered in Jallianwala Bagh, Amritsar, Punjab
Dalit-
a member of the lowest caste
The Salt March-
an act of civil disobedience led by Mohandas Gandhi to protest British rule in India
Hindu-Muslim relations in India-
slam didn't tolerate the existence of several deites; Islam was hierarchical while Islam was egalitarian; Hinduism featured a preistly class to serve as intermediary with universe's ultimate force, but Islam didn't permit anyone to come between believers and Allah
Pakistan-
a country in southern Asia
Kashmir-
The northernmost geographical region of the Indian subcontinent
Bangladesh-
republic in S Asia, N of the Bay of Bengal: a member of the Commonwealth of Nations
Muhammad Ali Jinnah-
a lawyer, politician, and the founder of Pakistan. Jinnah served as the leader of the All-India Muslim League
Satyagraha-
a policy of passive political resistance, especially that advocated by Mahatma Gandhi against British rule in India
Ahimsa-
the principle of nonviolence toward all living things
Swadeshi campaign-
an economic strategy aimed at removing the British Empire from power
Sikh-
an adherent of Sikhism
Indira Gandhi-
an Indian politician and stateswoman and central figure of the Indian National Congress. She was the first and, to date, the only female Prime Minister of India
Sati-
a former practice in India whereby a widow threw herself onto her husband's funeral pyre
China, 1925-89:
Prelude to Revolution
The Guomindang was a communist party that was gaining political power in China
Power Struggles
Chiang Kai-shek and the Guomindang
However, the government was littered with corruption and he fled after Japanese invasion
Chaing reestablished a central government and defeated nearby warlords
Christian institutions form around the world supported the GMD as Shek was also a Christian
Overtime more foreign nations were investing in Japan
Many people and groups made up the army
Chiang Kai-shek studied Japanese military and became similar to Sun Yat-sen
Mao Zedong, Peasant Revolt, and the Communist Party
Mao had little experience with Western business & anywhere else but China
People began protesting over peace agreements after WWI
Mao Zedong replaced Chiang
Peasant Organization and Guerrilla Warfare
Peasants used their strength in numbers to overthrow landlords
Overtime there became less people loyal to the Communist party
Mao retreated and made a small Communist government and recruited a guerrilla army
The Guerrillas could work work with the peasants peacefully.
Gender Issues Under Mao
In the 1920s many women were looking to gain sufferage
After 1949, there was a law preventing arranged marriages but was rarely followed
The Long March and the Communist Triumph, 1934-49
Mao became the leader of the movement and army
Yan'an became Mao's new capital where he recruited and trained his army
Communists used guerrilla attacks after Japan's invasion in 1937
China overthrew Japan's rule but with many losses
Th Communist People's Republic of China was formed by around 1949
India was directly controlled by Britain and China was not directly controlled
Both sought independence for foreign control/influence
China was unified in 1949 and India gained independence in 1947
Both countries had different strategies in development
Both were/are densely populated and have large amounts of land
China and Indiah make up around 40% of the population
Revolutionary Policies, 1949-69
Implementing the principles of the Long March 1949-55
Land Redistribution was an important and difficult task to get right
Communists policies preferred small villages and such over large cities
The government suppress opium addiction and prostitution and enforced conformity and loyalty
China taunted America and compared it to a "Paper Tiger" and got its own atom bomb in the 70s
"Let a Hundred Flowers Bloom" 1956-7
Mao let there be public expression and criticism of the government for a year
The "Great Leap Foward" 1957-60
This misnomer was actually an economic catastrophe and led to millions of deaths. oops.
The Cultural Revolution, 1966-69
Mao began to silence resistance
The destruction of intellectual life along with the issues above brought China to a halt
Recovery 1970-76
China began to make more money and outdid UK and France
Mao died in 1976 and started a need for change
International Relations
USSR
While initially close, the two grow apart and diplomatic relations were severed
The two powers were cautious of each other in fear of war
The United States
The relationship with the US was originally cold and hostile
China joined the UN and began to have friendly relationships in the 70s
East Asia
China was a feared nation in East Asia
in anti-Chinese riots in Indonesia, thousands were murdered and exiled
India
They both had different beliefs and operations
India didn't protest China's takeover but was uneasy about it
Post Revolutionary China
China wanted to establish stability and ideological purity
India, 1914-81:
The Independence Struggle 1914-47
British Policies & Practices
UK claimed to be preparing India to become democratic but not really as the Amritsar Massacre happened
Indian Muslims began to fear and All Hindu controlled India and formed the All-India Muslim League
Gandhi's Innovations and Courage
Gandhi encouraged Indians to have courage in peasant roots and spiritual traditions
Gandhi Develops
Satyagraha
in South Africa
Gandhi first experienced racism in South Africa
The Indian community in South Africa were basically indentured servants and he began to organize a protest movement
Gandhi was in South Africa for 21 years
Gandhi had success in South Africa and wanted to move onto India
Gandhi Returns to India and Leads the Congress
Gandhi showed how good his organizations of protests can be
Gandhi became India's PM in 1947 until he died
Gandhi gave the independence in India and gave it a new leadership and direction
Mohammed Ali Jinnah (Muslim) didn't trust Gandhi's government
Hindu-Muslim unity
Gandhi faster for three weeks to promote Hindu-Muslim peace
Muslims doubted that they would still get good treatment and Gandhi was assassinated
Abolition of Untouchability
Gandhi worked to end untouchibility and Gandhi made the world harijan "Children of God"
Ex-untouchables saw Gandhi as oppressing
The issue surrounding untouchibility is not fully solved
Appropriate Technology
Gandhi was against modern machinery especially concerning textile making
Not everyone agreed with his policies
Prohibition
Gandhi issued a prohibitions and there were many bootleggers
Cultural Policies
Gandhi disliked schools teaching English but parents usually told their children to learn it
Congress Campaigns for Independence, 1920-22, 1930-32, 1942
The Salt March Campaign (1930-32) was over UK's monopoly over salt
Most Indians praised Gandhi
Boycott of 1920-22 boycotted UK run schools, law courts, imports, manufacturers and more
Independence, 1947
Pakistan
Pakistan was formed to house all of the Muslims and lead to controversy over East pakistan
Kashmir
Kashmir was apart of the Indian Union as there was a Hindu ruling over Muslim citizens
War broke out and divided the nation and gained independence in 1948
Bangladesh
East Pakistan later became Bangladesh after not wanting to be ruled by a country 100 miles away
Problems of the New Government of India
Unifying and Consolidating the Nation
HM Patel coerced princes to merge with India to maintain unity (besides Kashmir)
Congress drew up state borders over Linguistic borders
Political Bargaining and armed force kept India together
Democracy and its Challenges
Naxalites attacked local authorities but the nation wasn't united enough to fight back
India followed the policy of laizze-faire and it went exactly as you think it went which is not good
Gandhi's Congress was respected and followed the democratic blueprint from the UK
There was one part in India (Congress) and it was ruled by the Nehru Dynasty
Gender Issues
After India gained independence they had universal adult suffrage
Prime Minister Indira Gandhi
She was voted out of office in 1977 for her socialist inspiration
In 1984 she was assassinated
She ordered India's first atomic bomb test in 1974
Mrs. Gandhi's son Rajiv became the PM
Legal Changes
The Hindu Marriage act raised the age of marriage for Hindu women to 15 and allowed them the right to divorce
Social Changes
Birth of females in the patrilineal society was a burden
Suicide cases were high among women and literacy rates were low
Economic Changes
Women were getting fewer employment opportunities
The Self-Employed Women's Organization helped women make there own buisnesses
Poor rural women were decreasing with the new economic system
The Economic and Technological Change after Independence
The Green Revolution
Questions were raised over relying exclusively on certain goods
Punjab became the richest state in India
There were an increased in livestock and crops
Land Redistribution
Different states in India enacted different polices
Family Planning, life Expectancy, and the Condition of Children
66% of India's children under 5 were malnourished in the 1990s
Industrialization and its Consequences
Both Gandhi and Nehru stressed the importance of self-sufficiency in production
Increased consumption lead to a consumer society beginning in India
Industrial productivity grew but the workforce structure didn't change
High Tech innovation increased productivity
The nation's literacy rate was at 43%
International Relations
India noticed the rise of Japan but still remained the dominant power in the region
Comparing China and India: What Difference Does it Make?
China lived out its agrarian heritage and became a Communist nation
Both shared the challenge of trying to maintain a national agenda after their enemy was defeated
India became democratic and enforced policies about political stability
The two countries had difference in government, polices and internal issues
China & India were aware of Japan's progress and competed with them
Both regarded their methods as models for theirs to copy