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mixtures & chromatography filtration and crystallisation distilation…
mixtures & chromatography filtration and crystallisation distilation
mixtures are easily separated
air Is made up of gases mainly argon nitrogen carbon dioxide and oxygen they can be separated fairly easily
2) parts of a mixture can be elements or compounds can be separated by physical methods such as filtration crystallisation simple distillation fractional distillation and chromatography
crude oil is a mixture of different length hydrocarbon molecules
1) no chemical bonds between the different parts of a mixture
3)the properties of a mixture are just a mixture of the properties of a substance are not effected by it being a mixture
a mixture of iron powder and sulphur powder will show the properties of both iron and sulphur will contain grey magnetic bits of iron and bright yellow bits of sulfur
chromatography
5)place a lid on top of the container to stop the solvent evaporating
6) the solvent seeps up the paper carrying the ink with it
4) make sure the ink isn't touching the solvent you don't want to dissolve it
7) each different dye in the ink will move up the paper at a different rate so the dyes will separate out each dye will form a spot in a different place 1 spot per dye in ink
3) the solvent used depends on what's being tested some compounds dissolved well in water but sometimes other solvent like ethanol are needed
8) if any of the dyes in the ink are insoluble in the solvent you've used they will stay on the base line
2) add a spot of the ink to the line and place and the sheet in a beaker of solvent
9) when the solvent has nearly reached the top of the paper take the paper out of the beaker and leave it to dry
1) draw a line near the bottom of a sheet of filtration paper use a pencil to do this -pencil marks are insoluble and wont dissolve in the solvent
10)end result is a pattern of spots called chromatography
filtration
1) filtration can be used if you product is an insoluble solid that needs to be separated from a liquid reaction mixtures
2) it can be purification as well for example solid impurities on the reaction mixtures can be separated using filtration
separating soluble solids from solutions
evaporation
2) slowly heat the solution the solvent will evaporate and the solution will get more concentrated eventually crystals will start to form
3) keep heating the evaporating dish until all you have left are dry crystals
1) pour the solution into a evaporation dish
crystallisation
1) pour the solution into a evaporating dish some solution will evaporate
2)when you see crystal to form remove the dish and leave it
3)salt should start to form crystals as it becomes insoluble in the cold highly concentrated solution
4)filter the crystals out of the solution and leave them in a warm place to dry you should also use a drying oven or a desiccator
simple distilation
3( the vapour is then cooled condensed and is collected
4)the rest of the solution is left behind in the flask
2)solution s heated the part of the solution that has the lower boiling point evaporates first
5)the problem with simple distillation you can only use it to separate things with different boiling points if the temp goes higher the two will mix again
1)simple distillation is used for separating out a liquid from a solution
6)if you have a mixture of liquids with similar boiling points
fractional distillation
3)the liquid with the lowest boiling point will evaporate first when the temp on the thermometer matches the boiling point
4)liquids with higher boiling points might also start to evaporate but column is cooler towards the top so they will only get a part of the way up before condensing and running back towards the flask
2)the different liquids will all have different boiling points so will evaporate at different temperatures
5)when the first liquid has been collected you raise the temp until the next one reaches the top
1) put a mixture in a flask ans stick a fractionating Colum on top then heat it