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PROTOZOANS (Arthropod-borne (Babesia (B. major (Haemaphysalis punctata,…

- - - - oocysts in faeces
        
        sporozoites
        
        tachyzoites
        
        bradyzoite tissue cysts in any warm blooded animal
        
        disrupt natural avoidance behaviour
        
        vertical spread
      - often subclinical
        
        cats become immune
        
        young hunting cats shed
      - oocysts in litter flushed
        
        otters
    - - sheep
        
        uterus/placenta
        
        abortion
        
        cat faeces in feed
      - pigs
        
        many cysts in meat
    - - wash hands, utensils, fruit and veg
      - cook meat properly
      - clean litter trays daily
      - pregnant women especially
  - - - abortion in dairy cattle
      - transplacental
  - - - S. ovicanis = dog:sheep
      - S. ovifelis = cat:sheep
      - S. capricanis = dog:goat
- - - - Haemaphysalis punctata
      - less common
    - - calves acquire immunity
        
        endemic stability
      - naive adults more susceptible
    - - Ixodes ricinus
        
        trans-ovarial, -stadial
        
        adult females infected
    - - haemolysis
      - hameoglobinurea
  - - - not zoonotic!
- - - - ciliate
      - cysts - faeces
      - trophozoite - gut
      - disease in large numbers
    - - rhizopod
      - dogs
      - cysts - faeces
      - trophozoite - gut
    - - flagellate
      - young dogs/cats
      - trophozoite - gut
      - cyst - faeces
      - reservoir wildlife
      - dispersed in water
    - - flagellum, undulating membrane
      - birds
      - intestinal and oesphageal
      - cyst?
      - T. foetus
        
        abortion in cattle
        
        vagina and prepuce
        
        restricted breeding
    - - flegellate
      - venereal 'dourine'
      - equids
      - infertility
      - restricted breeding
  - - - principle cause of coccidiosis
        
        hypertrophy
        
        haemorrhage
      - host and site specific
        
        intensive poultry
        
        E. tenella - caecal
        
        E. spp - intestinal
        
        control
        
        hygiene
        
        drugs, medicated feed
        
        attenuated live vaccine
        
        intensive rabbits
        
        bile ducts, intestine
        
        wild source > free range
        
        sheep
        
        small intestine
        
        oocysts adults > lambs
        
        goats
        
        small intestine
        
        bad hygiene
        
        cows
        
        young
        
        bad hygiene e.g water trough area
        
        caecum, colon
    - - dogs, cats, pigs
      - spleen, liver, LNs
      - rodent reservoir
      - non-path
        
        high levels - diarrhoea
      - important differential diagnosis
    - - young calves
      - food poisoning
      - immunosuppressed
      - C. parvum
        
        sporulated oocysts
        
        immediately infective
        
        autoinfection