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Rise of Cognitive Psychology (Mathematical & Technological Advances…
Rise of Cognitive Psychology
Mathematical & Technological Advances
Cognitivist Movement
Series of developments at the same time for different disciplines in 1950's-60's
Contributing factors: Maths, computer, symposium & new approaches
WW2 = new focus on tech & how to handle information -->
Alan Turing & Enigma Code
Flexible machines that could handle more info --> increasingly dependent on machines
More need for
long distance communication
- info presented as logical operations --> 0 = false, 1 = true --> Both must be true etc. =
Boolean Logic
PC circuits & security systems use Boolean logic
Turing & BL
- Infinitely long tape & a head could read & write symbols (0's & 1's) according to pre-specified rules =
algorithm
--> PC = billions of circuits
Brain & BL
Mind performs Boolean Operations too -->
Complex Turing Machines
using base connected neurones
McCulloch & Pitts:
Blueberry = purple (yes), round (yes), eat (yes)
Golf ball (no, yes, no) Violet (yes, no, no) etc. --> (1,1,1) (0,1,0) etc.
Development of the Computer
Stimulus-response associations are not enough
Anticipatory speech errors showed
planning
- e.g. 'hissed my lecture' won't trigger anticipatory speech
Psychology researchers = programmers
People have clear goals - direct behaviour to get goal
Homonculus = little man in brain
Information feedback:
Current & end state are compared & discrepancies are used to bring performance closer to the desired end state
Turing Test
Passed if human believes they're interacting with another human e.g.
Watson (Jeopardy)
Human interacts with machine; human unaware - machine performance has reached human level = The goal of artificial intelligence
Symposium on Information Theory
Miller:
7 +/- 2 = limits of STM
Cognition includes processes where sensory input is:
Transformed
Reduced
Elaborated
Stored
Recovered
Used
Behaviourism under pressure
Similar to PC with limited working memory
Cognition = Sensory input used even in absence of relevant stimulation
New Approaches Published
Neisser:
Publishes "Cognitive Psychology"
Summarised evidence of processing in mind, even if processes operate
without relevant stimulation
Cognition: All processes by which the sensory input is transformed, reduced, elborated, stored, recovered & used
Even if these processes operate in the absence of relevant stimulation
Cognitive Psychology:
Favoured over behaviourism in 1970s
A 'catch-all' term for all experimental psychologists
Research & mental representations
Behaviourists: Research on animals - needed to include cognitive processes into their models
Features of Cognitive Psychology
Mental Representations:
Information patterns that represent knowledge & is gained through observations & algorithms are used
Mental representations formed through
experience
S-R not good enough explanation
Boxes & arrows diagrams --> depict information flow (Every box & arrow must be there or product would not be good)
Broadbent's Filter Model of Attention
- Respond to one stimulus & ignore others
Bottom-up Processes:
Senses basic feature of stimuli & then integrate them = Basic feature to put together =
Data driven
Top Down Processing
Information from higher processing stage is fed back to previous processing stages & influences processing at these stages
Theory Driven
Syntactic Ambiguity:
John saw the man on the mountain with a telescope
The cow was found by a stream by a farmer -
Hononyms
Scientific Method
Define a question/hypothesis
Gather information
Form an explanatory hypothesis
Test the hypothesis
Analyse the data
Interpret the data
Publish
Replicate
Sperling's test of Broadbent's theory
- Traces in STM strorage fades -->
High controlled
- More stimuli recalled if not asked to name all digits