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INSECTS (Lice (adaptations (saliva (host specific digestion, immune…

- - - - females lay eggs in faeces
        
        3 larvae feed on rotting organic material
        
        maggots pupate to adults
      - sponging mouthparts
        
        irritation
      - transmission of pathogens
        
        secondary wound infection
    - - adults near woodland
        
        larvae diapause in faeces over winter
        
        pupate and emerge in summer
      - rasp using teeth
        
        sponge secretions
      - mechanical transmission of bacteria, viruses, protozoa and helminths
    - - females require blood meals to lay eggs
        
        larvae feed on faeces
      - pierce and suck
      - vector of helminths and protozoa
    - - eggs laid in fresh faeces
      - piercing proboscis
      - attracts other flies
      - females require blood meals
    - - piercing proboscis
        
        painful
      - several blood meals required
        
        larviparous
        
        larvae wriggle into soil and pupate
      - trypanosome vector
    - - adaptations
        
        wingless
        
        flattened
        
        strong legs
        
        claws
      - permanent
      - larvae adhere to wool and immediately pupate
      - piercing mouthparts
        
        pelt damage
        
        blood loss, anaemia
      - close contact spread
      - trypanosome vector
    - - long period on host
      - deposit mature larva in dry soil
        
        pupate immediately
      - piercing proboscis
    - - eggs laid under stones/leaves in marsh
        
        larvae feed in mud on decaying material and small arthropods and pupate
      - slash and sponge
        
        very painful
      - interrupted feeding
        
        transmission of pathogens
      - females attack any species
    - - small, slender, long legged
        
        eggs laid on water
        
        4 aquatic larvae and pupae
        
        hypodermic proboscis
        
        nocturnal feeding
        
        transmit filarials, malaria and arboviruses
    - - eggs laid on marshy decaying veg
        
        4 larvae in stagnant water
        
        pupate water's edge
      - short proboscis
        
        slash, pierce, suck
      - sweet itch
      - transmission of blue tongue, African horse sickness, nematodes
    - - eggs laid in cracks/holes
        
        4 larvae need moisture, feed on organic matter
      - nocturnal feeders
      - pierce and suck
    - - slash, pierce, suck
      - transmission of filarials, equine encephalitis virus
      - oedema, haemorhhage
  - - - opportunistic facultative
        
        carrion or live tissue
        
        females need protein to lay eggs
        
        overwinter as pupae in soil
      - feeding
        
        enzymes liquefy and digest tissue
        
        toxaemia
        
        can be fatal
        
        hook mouthparts
      - secondary bacterial infection
    - - eggs laid on legs
        
        larvae overwinter in spinal fat
        
        emerge and pupate on the ground
- - - - adaptation
        
        move quickly
        
        small claws
        
        broad head
      - irritation
        
        cockle, wool damage
      - Bovicola
        
        horses, ruminants
        
        sexual > asexual repro
      - Felicola
        
        cats
      - Trichodectes
        
        dogs
        
        tapeworm vector
  - - - anaemia
      - adaptation
        
        large claws
        
        narrow head
      - Linognathus
        
        cattle, dogs, goats
      - Haematopinus
        
        pigs, horses
        
        transmit disease
  - - - host specific digestion
      - immune avoidance
- - - - Echidnophaga gallinacae
      - Certaophyllus gallinae
    - - S. cuniculi
        
        transmits myxoma
    - - Archaeopsyllus erinacei (hedgehog fleas)
      - Ctenocephalides canis
      - Ctenocephalides felis :warning:
    - - Spilopsyllus cuniculi (rabbit fleas)
      - Archaeopsyllus erinacei (hedgehog fleas)
      - Ctenocephalides felis
  - - - larvae > pupae in bedding etc
      - eggs + blood pellets for food
  - - - sucking mouthparts suck blood