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Rise of Behaviourism (Problems with Introspection (Myers) (1. Memory…
Rise of Behaviourism
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Introspection
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Told to flex hand whenever they wanted --> onset of readiness started several hundred milliseconds before any conscious awareness
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Animal Research
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Skinner
Operant conditioning (reinforcement & punishment) - less control over actions - simply respond to events --> are we responsible for our actions at all? - No free will
Tolman
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3 conditions:
- Control group (Never found food)
- Control group (Found food throughout)
- Experimental group (Found food at the end of maze from 11th day on)
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Purposive Behaviourism:
- Latent learning - acquisition of knowledge without observable behaviour
- Animal & human behaviours are motivated by goals
- Partially influential in the developmental of cognitive psychology
Shift in Education
- German Educational system updated - the humanities dominated schools
- 1806 - Holy Roman Empire was defeated by Napoleon --> Modernisation of Education = Major advancement in science
Wilhelm Wundt
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3 Goals:
- Analyse elements of consciousness
- Connection between elements
- Find Laws
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1. Psychological Methods: Connection between physical stimuli & conscious state - time between physical & responsiveness
2. Historical Methods: Study of mind by investigating product of human culture (Folk Psychology) --> founder of Anthropology
3. Method of Introspection: Most criticised - to be meaningful, 4 conditions had to be met:
- Observable
- Pay close attention
- Repeated experiments
- Conditions should try
Experimental Psychology
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USA
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Industrial Revolution (Natural, human & tech resources) - USA overtook UK