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The role and influence of Individuals (The role and influence of…
The role and influence of Individuals
The role and influence of EXPLORERS
David Livingstone 1813 - 1873
Began travels as a missionary doctor in South Africa in 1814 but soon began exploring the hinterland
He explored the Kalahari Desert
Discovered Lake Ngami (1849) and the Zambezi River (1851)
Discovered the Zambezi falls (1855) which where renamed Victoria Falls
He conducted a series of lectures at Cambridge University recounting the geography, mineralogy, disease, languages, and cultures he had encountered
He published books:
Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa 1857
His journey to find the source if the nile was published with illustrations
He received government funding for a return to Africa in 1858 with the title 'Consul for the East Coast of Africa' and began his exploration along the Zambezi river to find the source if the Nile
His disappearance in 1866 and rediscovery by Henry Stanley in a small African village in 1871 reestablished the Victoria view that Livingstone was a martyr who sacrificed his life
Livingstone died of dysentery and malaria in Africa 1873
Established mission stations beyond the Cape from 1841
John Kirk
1832 -1922
Scottish physician who embraced the spirit of advent, science, Christian duty and a desire for peaceful colonial position
Appointed chief medical officer and economic botanist for Livingstone's Zambezi expedition
collected may aquatic specimens and sent them back to Britain to write about them
Returned to Africa in 1868 as medical officer and Vice-Consul in the Sultanate of Zanzibar
Zanzibar was of commercial interest because of its clove and ivory exports
Kirk ensured that Zanzibar operated as a British client state and British initiated trade treaties ensured the Sultan outlaws Zanzibar's slave trade
Kirk's efforts subsequently dave Britain a toe-hold on Africa's East Coast which would become British East Africa in a895
Sir Richard Burton 1821 - 1890
He was linguistic scholar, explorer and adventurer who became famous in the 1850s for his stories of Muslim life and manners, based on his daring visits to the sacred Islamic cities like Mecca
Wounded in the jaw by a African native's javelin on an exploration of Somaliland in 1855
Undertook another expedition inland from the island of Zanzibar in 1857 - 1858 but was forced to abandon expedition when he contracted malaria
This allowed his companion John Speke the glory of discovering Lake Victoria - he believed this was the source of the Nile
Burton disagreed and the quarrels between the two led to the invitation of both men in 1864 by the British association for Advancements of Science to debate their theories
The debate was prevented by Speke's death
Burton spent his final years travelling and publishing - produced 43 volumes on his explorations
There was great deal of pessimism about the capacity for reform and improvement of Africans and Asians in the late 19th century - Burton referred to East Africans as children prone to stupidity after puberty
John manning Speke
1827 -1867
Joined Richard Burtons Somaliland exploration in 1855 - he suffered a wound at the hands of the natives but refined Burton and his quest to find the origins of the Nile in 1857
He and Burton became the first Europeans to reach Lake Tanganyika in February 1858 and in July 1858 he reached the great lake which he renamed Victoria in honour of the Queen
He concluded that Lake Victoria was the source of the Nile but this was rejected by Burton and many others England
On a second expedition with James Grant in 1860 Speke mapped parts pf the lake and found the Niles exit which he called Ripon Falls
He attempted to follow the course of the River Nil and reached southern Sudan where Speke and Grant met explorer Samuel Baker and Florence von sass
Accounts of Speke's explorations were published in 1863 and 1864
Speke was killed by his own gun in 1864 (believed to be suicide) while hunting - it prevented the debates between Speke and Burton to take place
The role and influence of MISSIONARIES: Christian imperialism
They shared the common conviction that the world-wide conversion was possible and a duty
Positives
missionaries helped to open up territories to British rule by penetrating beyond colonial frontiers (EG. the Congo in Africa / inland China in the 1880s)
established links with indigenous communities and seeking imperial protection
Missionaries provided native people material gains (food, jobs and houses) as well as education, answers to moral questions and the opportunity for personal advancement by embracing the 'white mans' faith
missionaries advanced imperialism by staking claim to territorial control and by extending British commercial reach - boosting british economy
John Mackenzie
put pressure on the British government to establish a protectorate over Bechuanaland
Mackenzie was appointed Deputy Commissioner
Anglicans, Roman Catholics and in particular non-comorfist groups such as Presbyterians and Methodists all sought to spread the Christian to non-Europeans
Methodists were particularly active
NON-COMFORMIST = a member of a Protestant Church which acts independently from the established Church of England
METHODISTS = Protestant non-comformist group, had grown strongly in some of England's industrial working class communities in the early 19th century
Female missionaries
Mary Slessor 1848 -1915
Was a Victorian mill girl who left the slums of Dundee to live amongst the tribes of Calabar Nigeria
She fought hard to end the local practice of killing twins and often their mothers
Amy Carmichael 1867 - 1951
Came from a devout Presbyterian family in Northern Ireland
Worked for 55 years in India, producing 35 books about her experiences
She tried to rescue the 'temple children' - mostly young girls who were forced into prostitution
She dressed in Indian clothes and dyed her skin with dark coffee so that she would blend in with the locals
Mary Carpenter 1807 - 1877
A British Christian
Travelled to India in 1866 and tried to improve female education
Encouraged both Indian and British colonial administrators to improve the provisions of schools and hospitals
She won funding to set up a training college for female Indian teachers in 1868
Negatives
Conflicts could arise between missionaries and the indigenous peoples
1880s - Anglican Church Missionary Society clashed with the first Anglican African bishop in the Niger region - Samuel Crowther - forced to resign in 1891
They could play annexation of territories and consolidation - may indigenous people did not want to convert to Christianity and so resisted further
They would challenge imperial authority
Christian missions provided a focus for local resistance and opposition to colonial rule and colonisation
The role and influence of TRADERS
Once commercial enterprise had established a foothold somewhere British Administration often followed - Eg. the East India Company led the way towards British Control of India
Establishing protectorates was also a way of protecting commercial interests
Cecil Rhodes 1853 - 1902
Diamond magnate and Cap Colony politician - owned all South Africa's diamond mines (approx 90% of global diamond production)
Rhodes borrowed money from N M Rothschild & Sons and bought up all the smaller diamond mini operations in the Kimberley area
Gained a monopoly on the world's diamond supply
Became Prime Minister of the Cape Colony from 1890 -1896
Forced indigenous tribes from their land to make way for industrial development but also introduced educational reform
Forms his own company - British South Africa Company - received a royal charter in 1889
The British South Africa Company came through concessions and treaties to control a large area of land in the interior of Africa
This territory initially known as Zambezi had its name changed to Rhodesia in 1895
Rhodes formed his imperial ambitions in moral terms
Sir William Mackinnon 1823 - 1893
Began his coastal trade around the coast of Bengal and in 1856 he founded the Calcutta and Burma Steam Navigation Company - became the British India Steam Navigation Company
Trading through the Indian Ocean, Burma and the Persian gulf - extended its reach to Zanzibar along the coast of East Africa
Founded the Imperial British East Africa Company - received a charter on 1888 and was supported by the British government as a means of establishing influence in the region
Originally the government was not going to grant Mackinnon a charter but when German explorer Karl Peter showed interest in East Africa the government reacted to the perceived German threat in the region
The company was rapidly bankrupted - the government had to take over
George Goldie
1846 - 1925
Bought a palm oil business in the Niger basin in 1875
palm oil was an adaptable product as it served as an industrial lubricant and could be used as the main constituent in both candles and soap
Formed the Central African Trading Company in 1876 and visited West Africa for the first time in 1877
1879 - he persuaded all the British trading firms on the Niger River to join forces to create a single company = the United African Company - controlled 30 trading ports
Application for a royal charter in 1881 was denied because of competing French interests in the Niger region
Goldie secured concessions from tribal chiefs - signed treaties obliging them to trade solely with the United African Company agents in return for commitment to buy up all the local export products
Won the trade wars against rival French companies
Secured over 450 local treaties
Tribal chiefs were promised protection and provided with compensation
As a result of Goldie's efforts Britain successfully asserted its right to proclaim a protectorate over both northern and southern Niger a the Berlin conference (1884 -1885)
Subsequently Goldie's firm was charted as the royal Niger Company in 1886
Goldie became a British colonial administrator and was responsible for the development of Northern Nigeria into a prosperous British protectorate
The role and influence of COLONIAL ADMINISTRATORS
Many colonial administrators took independent decisions about the way territories should be administrated and developed
They often had considerable discretion to intemperate instructions as they saw fit
Some started as explores or traders - William Mackinnon, George Goldie, Cecil Rhodes
John Kirk (explorer) : Zanzibar - became Vice-Consul where he developed an influence over Sultan Barghash that meant he was effectively the ruler of Zanzibar - he negotiated the handover of the Sultan's Mombasa coastal strip to the Imperial British East Africa Company
Sir Evelyn Baring 1841 - 1917
Began his career as a colonial administrator, serving in India as private secretary to Lord Northbrook - Viceroy 1872 -1876.
He was a believer in liberal reform
He had a sense of British superiority making hime condescending towards his inferiors
Baring's second posting was in Egypt in 1877 when he was sent to aid Ismail Pasha and his financial difficulties - his advice was ignored and he returned to Britain
He returned to Egypt in 1882 as Consul-General
He approved the Dufferin Report in 1883 = established an Egyptian puppet parliament with no power and asserted the need for British supervision of reforms in what was then a bankrupt country
He remained the real ruler of Egypt until his resignation in 1907
Bartle Frere 1815 - 1884
Began his career in the Indian civil Service - his support of the crushing of the Indian Mutiny awarded him a knighthood and a place on the Viceroy's Council in Calcutta
He became Governor of Bombay (a member of the Indian Council) between 1867 - 1877 - his experience led to his appointment as High Commissioner and Governor of Cape Colony in 1877
He had been chosen to carry out a planned confederation, merging British South Africa with the Dutch Boer Republic of the Transvaal
The South African colonists were hostile to Carnarvon's (British secretary of state for the colonies) plans, while the Boer Republic wanted their independence
Deliberately provoked a war with the Zulus in December 1878
Although the war ended in a British victory the shocking defeat of British forces by the Zulus at Isandhlwana in January 1879 and the high cost of the war led to an official reprimand
Frere was withdrawn from South Africa by Gladstone's Liberal Government in 1880 and was denounced for acting recklessly