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TU's and the federal government (Congress help (Clayton Anti-trust act…
TU's and the federal government
SC help
Griggs V Duke Power (1971)
AA in employment allowed - minorities
SC hinder
After 1894 employers could use court injunctions to break strikes and the federal government did nothing about this - bargaining rights
Smith-Connelly anti-strike act (1943)
- authorised the fed govt to seize and operate industries stopped by strikes - bargaining rights
Lochner V NY (1905)
declared 10 hr day unconstitutional, so allowed exploitation of workers to continue - conditions
President help
FDR
The new deal
the national industrial recovery act
(1933) gave workers the right to organise TU's and the right to collective bargaining, however it was declared unconstitutional in 1935 - bargaining rights
The national labor relations board created by this bargained on behalf of workers - bargaining rights
(1933) could reinstate unfairly dismissed workers - conditions
AKA the Wagner act (1935) - gave workers the right to join unions and the right to collective bargaining, and banned the practise of employers using spice to root out "trouble makers" - bargaining rights
Fair labour standards act (1938)
- set a new minimum wage, but minorities wages still lower as was womens it also prohibited employment of children under 16 - minorities and women
Fair employment act 1941
- promoted equality - minorities
set up fair employment practices committee in 1941 to help reduce discrimination in employment
Nixon
AA - by 1968 this increased AA's in the construction industry from 1% to 12% - minorities
Vetoed the child development bill 1972, which would have provided a multi-billion dollar national day care system - women
occupational H&S act (1970) intro requirements - conditions
LBJ
'great society' helped some poor inner-city minorities, this did not help all and was damaged by the vietnam war
extended AA to inc women 1967
JFK
commission on the status of women, reported in 1963, recommended fairer hiring practices - women
Carter
increased min wage to $2.65 an hour
Congress help
Clayton Anti-trust act (1914)
limited the use of court injunctions against striking workers - increased bargaining rights
further prohibited by legislation in 1932
Freedman's bureau (until 1872
) gave some aid to minorities in employment matters - minorities
The
CR act 1964
made discrimination when applying for jobs illegal - minorities
Equal employment opportunity act
(1972) aimed to end discrimination in employment - minorities
1872 -
equal pay
for equal work in fed govt - women
Equal pay act (1963)
made discrimination on the basis of gender illegal and established the idea of equal pay for equal work - women
The Shepherd-Towner Act (1921)
made funds available for maternity and infant health education, however it was resisted by the medial profession and funding terminated in 1929 - women
Women's Bureau in the dept of labour
(1920) aimed to improve conditions, but was resisted by employers and male unions so achieved little
Lanham act (1940)
- aimed to give federal grants for daycare for mothers working in the armaments industry, but this was withdrawn in 1942 until only 3 states continues to fund child care - women
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Pregnancy discrimination act (1978)
outlawed employment discrimination on account of pregnancy
Adams act (1916)
- railroad employees engaged in interstate commerce were given an 8 hour day and overtime pay and time and a half
Age discrimination act (1964)
- conditions
Congress hinder
the Sherman antitrust act (1890)
was intended to be used against monopolies but was actually used against unions by courts holding that unions were illegal under the act - bargaining rights
The Taft-Hartley act (1947)
- allowed the fed govt to delay a strike for 80 days if it threatened public H&S, this slowed unionisation, especially in S - bargaining rights
However required employers to give 60 days notice before terminating a contract - conditions (+)
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The servicemen's readjustment act 1944 (GI Bill of rights) meant that ex-servicemen were funded for higher education, whereas women weren't - more men went into pro occupations - women
The federal govt as whole
During WW1, the govt recognised unions as representing the workforce for the first time. They negotiated with unions through the National war labour board, which guaranteed the right to join unions and the right of collective bargaining, however there was also a no strike policy - bargaining rights
employers responded positively to 8 hr working day in WW1 - conditions
Number of AA's in fed employment increased from 50,000 in 1933 to 200,000 in 1946, the majority was in low-level, unskilled occupations
Laissez-faire policy
President hinder
FDR
The new deal limitations
the national labour relations board was slow to process cases and had few union leaders, so employers could get away with mistreating labour - bargaining rights
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Lower pay est. by the national recovery administration (1933) under Frances Perkins
Carter
refused to give into the AFL-CIO's demands to reform the wagner act (national labour relations act) - bargaining rights
Reagan
appointed conservatives to the national labour relations board so that they were more likely to rule in favour of employers - bargaining rights
Air traffic controllers strike (1981)
- sacked all striking controllers, which reduced worker unity and increased negative attitudes towards strikes - bargaining rights
tended to oppose employment programmes and AA
minorities
Bush
Vetoed a CR bill (1990) that would have made it easier to challenge job dis