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Physics Paper 1 (Equations to be learnt (Kinetic Energy = 1/2 X mass X…
Physics Paper 1
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Electricity
Electric Current is the flow of electrical charge. this will only flow around a closed circuit if there is a potential difference.
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The greater the resistance, the lower the current.
Resistance
Practical
Characteristics affecting resistance
Set up a basic circuit with a voltmeter and ammeter with a ruler and a piece of wire attached to the ruler.
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Energy
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Insulation
Cavity Wall insulation: Made up of inner and outer walls with a gap full of air in the middle to decrease conduction
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Double-Glazed Windows: Same as cavity wall have two sheets with air in the middle to reduce conduction
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Renewable
The sun, wind, water waves hydro-electricity, bio-fuel, tides, geothermal
Atomic Structure
Radiation
Types Of
Radiation
Beta - This is when an electron is ejected from the nucleus and a neutron is turned into a proton. Beta is more damaging outside the body but less damaging in the body
Gamma - This is when an atom isn't changed in terms of subatomic particles but it just gives out electromagnetic energy. Gamma is the most damaging outside the body but the least damaging inside the body
Alpha - This is when a helium nuclei is ejected from the nucleus containing 2 neutrons and 2 protons. Alpha is the least dangerous outside the body but the most dangerous inside the body
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Half Life is the time for half of the atoms i an isotope to decay. it can be used to find the rate at which isotopes decay. This is its activity.
Background
Radiation
Background radiation comes from many sources and is constantly there. However it is a very low level so poses no real risk to us.
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Exposure to radiation is called irradiation. Irradiation does not make you radioactive
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Contamination is when radioactive particles are on objects. This is more dangerous as it could lead to consumption of the radiation source.
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Fission/
Fusion
Fission
This splits large heavy unstable elements and the resulting energy is what is used in nuclear power stations. Spontaneous fission is extremely rare, a neutron has to be absorbed first.
The products of fission are two smaller lighter atoms and two or three neutrons which can collide with other atoms causing them to fission as well. This is called a chain reaction.
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Fusion
This is the joining of two light atoms into one heavier atom(usually deuterium and tritium into helium). The only natural occurrence of this is in stars. The resulting energy is much greater than that of fission but it is a lot more dangerous and difficult.
Due to the difficulty of fusion it isn't widely used in industry yet but it would be extremely useful in the future due to the cleanliness of the procedure
Particle
Model of Matter
density of
materials
Density is the measure of how compact a substance is. It is how much mass there is in a substance within a given volume.
For regular shapes (cubes), you can use vernier calipers to find the volume. For irregular shapes, a eureka can is used to measure the volume of water
Internal energy
Internal energy is all of the kinetic energy and potential stores of energy contained within the particles of a system.