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Ways of Expressing Morphological Categories of the English and Ukrainian…
Ways of Expressing Morphological Categories of the English and Ukrainian Verb
six common morphological categories
the categories of person and number are realized in both languages synthetically,
the category of tense — synthetically and, analytically,
the category of aspect — synthetically or analytically: (continuous") in English and only synthetically in Ukrainian,
the category of voice— only analytically in English but synthetically and analytically in Ukrainian,
the category of mood is realized in both languages synthetically and analytically.
1. Person
I know. He knows. She is. We are.
Я знаю. Він/вона знає. Воно знає.
Ми знаємо. Ви знаєте. Вони знають
2. Number
He reads. They read good books.
Він читає. Вони читають книжки
3. Tenses (present, past, future)
1. Absolute use of tenses
I work. He works. I worked. He
will work
. He
said
she had been
seen
in London. They asked if 1 could translate that passage into Japanese.
Я працюю. Я працював. Він читає. Він читав. Він читатиме. Він
буде
читати весь свій вік. Він
прокинувся був
, а потім знову заснув.
2. Relative use of tenses
when he comes she will ask — when he came/had come \ when he will come
Де він мешкає тепер я запитаю — Де він мешкав \ Де він мешкатиме потім
4. Aspect
He
works
: He
is working
(common/continuous)
Він читав: Він прочитав це Вона зараз тренується
(недоконаний — доконаний)
5. Voice
The houseis/was built. The houseis being built. It will be/have been built.
Хата збудована/була, буде збудована. Хата ставиться. Хід зроблено. Школу відкрито.
6. Mood
Indicative:
We love our parents. Will he come?
Ми любимо своїх батьків. Чи прийдете ви завтра?
Imperative:
Don't speak so loud! Let me sing you! Не розмовляйте так голосно! Нумо я вам заспіваю!
Subjunctive:
Come what may! If he had come, he would have met her.
Хай буде, що буде! Якби він був прийшов, він був би зустрівся з нею.
Isomorphic is the means of realization of the following morphological categories
1. Person and number
(with the help of synthetic means, i. e., inflexions only). Cf. He
is
— they
are
, I was — they
were
. Я пиш
у
— ви пиш
ете
. Я пис
ав
— ми писа
ли
.
2. The imperative mood
form with no reference to a definite person, as in the following sentences: Stop talking! Sit still! He розмовляти! Сидіти тихо!
3. The affirmative and some interrogative forms
of the Indefinite group of tenses and of the pluperfect (давноминулий) tense: I work. I worked. I
shall work
. He
had left
before I arrived. Я працюю. Я працював Я
буду
працювати. Він
приходив був
, але мене не застав.
4. Isomorphism also exists
a) in the correlation with the time of actions expressed:
He
says
she
lives
in Kyiv. He
said
she
lived
in Kyiv. He
will say
they
will live
in Kyiv. І thought that she
came/would come, had come
. Similarly in Ukrainian: Biн каже, що вона прийшла; він скаже, що вона прийде; він казав, що вона приходила/приходила була
b) In the existence of tenses not correlating with the time of actions-expressed in the-main clause
, eg: He
will say
that he
knows/ knew, had known
it. Він скаже, що вона
прийшла (приходила) приходила була
c) In the existence of some identical forms expressing those same subjunctive mood meanings in English and Ukrainian
If I
knew
that before... Якби я
знав
це раніше...
If I
had known
that before... Якби я
був знав
це раніше...
d) In the existence of identical passive voice forms in the past and future Indefinite tense
: He was invited. She will/will not be invited. Він був запрошений. Вона буде/не буде запрошена.
Allomorphic features
The use of analytical paradigms in
English
to express tense, aspect and voice forms, and negative/interrogative forms, like He
is reading
now.
Is
he
reading
now?
Does/did
he speak English? The passage
is being translated
. The article
will have been translated
by then
The absence in
Ukrainian
of the continuous aspect, whose durative meaning can be expressed by the transitive verb stems with the suffixes
-сь, -ся
and a corresponding adverb/adverbial phrase identifying the moment/period of the action. Cf. Петренко
зараз/ще, вже, давно
/будується. Школа
ще
(тоді) будувалась/будуватиметь
ся
.
The expression of the category of person in
Ukrainian
imperative mood forms: Пиш
и
! Ти пиш
и
! Пиш
іть
! Ви пиш
іть
! Іди! Будьмо/ будьте здорові! Встань! Не вір!