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Geography (Hazardous Environments (Earthquakes and Plate Boundaries (An…

- - - - When this warm and wet air rises, it condenses to form towering clouds, heavy rainfall. It also creates a low pressure zone near the surface of the water.
      - Rising warm air causes the pressure to decrease at higher altitudes. Warm air is under a higher pressure than cold air, so moves towards the ‘space’ occupied by the colder, lower pressure, air. So the low pressure ‘sucks in’ air from the warm surroundings, which then also rises. A continuous upflow of warm and wet air continues to create clouds and rain.
      - Air that surrounds the low pressure zone at the centre flows in a spiral at very high speeds - anti-clockwise in the northern hemisphere - at speeds of around 120 km/h (75 mph).
      - Air is ejected at the top of the storm – which can be 15km high – and falls to the outside of the storm, out and over the top, away from the eye of the storm. As this happens, it reduces the mass of air over the ‘eye of the storm’ - causing the wind speed to increase further. Some ejected air also cools and dries, and sinks through the eye of the storm, adding to the low pressure at the centre.
      - The faster the winds blow, the lower the air pressure in the centre, and so the cycle continues. The hurricane grows stronger and stronger.
      - Seen from above, hurricanes are huge circular bodies of thick cloud around 450 km (300 miles) wide. The cloud brings heavy rain, thunder and lightning.
      - In the centre is the eye of the hurricane, about 45 km across (30 miles) across. Often there will be no clouds in the eye. Seen from below it will seem calmer, with a circle of blue sky above. The eye is formed because this is the only part of the hurricane where cold air is descending.
      - In the northern hemisphere, the prevailing easterly tropical winds tend to steer hurricanes toward land - although their course is unpredictable. As hurricanes move inshore, their power gradually reduces because their energy comes from sucking up moist sea air.
      - Summary
        The warm ocean heats the air above
        Rising warm air evaporates and starts to spin
        The air then cools and condenses to form a tower cumulonimbus cloud .
        Intense low pressure sucks in air causing very strong winds
- - - - Foxconn in China
        Foxconn is a factory that supplies for HP, Dell, Nokia, Apple
        Workers eat, sleep, and work on less than one square mile, 420,000 workers, most people first job
        Many commit suicide due to such terrible conditions
        Payed 180 pounds a month
        No free time
        In Dormitories 8 to a room many don't know each other
        Some workers abused by officers because of mistakes
        1 computer for every 750 people
        People have no choice to work there because at least they get food, and shelter.
        Many work 12hour days
        Have to get workers to sign a letter not to kill themselves
        11 killed themselves in a year by jumping off roofs. Installed nets to stop this happening
      - Coltan mining in the DRC
        Supply chain - The network created by different companies, people and places to produce a specific product.
        Coltan - A mineral used in electronics to improve battery life.
        People work in a cramped dangerous mine, they are taxed to come in and out, they are also taxed.
        Minerals in the phones are financing a war that has cost 5 million lives in Congo.
        The war is between 7 armed groups
        estimated 300,000 women raped
- - - - Hurricane Irene
        Storm Irene developed over the the Caribbean sea on the 22nd of august 2011 gaining momentum as it progressed northwards, strengthening to a category 1 hurricane and swept across the eastern seaboard. Hurricane Irene made landfall at north Carolina on the 27th of August, with winds of 85mph. It then moved rapidly northwards, as its energy dissipated the winds weakened to 75mph by the 28th of AUGUST. By the time it reached New York it had been down graded by meteorologists to a tropical storm and had a less destructive impact.
        Severe flooding
        Claimed 38 lives in 11 states
        Estimated to have caused £6 billion in damage
        Prior warnings were made to enable people to evacuate areas at risk
        5 million homes and businesses experienced power cuts as utilities and infrastructure were damaged
        Homes destroyed by winds and fallen trees
        Trees uprooted
      - Typhoon Haiyan
        Happened 2013
        Fields destroyed
        Boats and ships washed ashore
        water level risen
        buildings destroyes
        greenery destroyed
        loss in tourism
        many homeless
        loss of food and water
        Flooding
    - - New Zealand
        The earthquake struck on 22 February 2011. It was a 6.3 magnitude earthquake and the focus was very shallow at 4.99 km deep. The earthquake happened on a conservative plate margin between the Pacific Plate and the Australian Plate. The earthquake was 10km south east of of the city. A lot of water and soil came to the surface, (liquefaction) buildings sunk into the ground. After this there were 10 aftershocks of magnitude 4 or more.
        Effects
        181 people were killed.
        2,000 injured.
        Over 50 per cent of the city's buildings were damaged.
        The city's cathedral spire collapsed.
        Water and sewage pipes were damaged.
        Businesses were closed for a long time loss of income.
        Christchurch couldn't hold the five Rugby World Cup matches (loss in tourism).
        Schools were closed for two weeks due to the damage.
        Liquefaction caused damage to buildings
        Damaged roads meant emergency services response times were longer
        Part (size of 20 football fields) of the countries glacier broke into iceberg
        80% of city lost electricity
        Responses
        International aid was provided (around $6-7 million).
        Aid workers from charities such as the Red Cross came to help.
        Areas were zoned to assess damage.
        300 Australian police officers were flown in.
        $898 million in building insurance claims.
        Water and sewerage were restored to the city by August 2011.
        Temporary housing was provided.
      - Haiti
        Causes: Haiti lies on the plate boundary between the Caribbean and North America. There was slippage along a conservative plate boundary that runs through Haiti which is part of a large Caribbean Island called Hispaniola. The Dominican Republic is located to the east of Haiti and covers over half the Island.
        On 12 January 2010, a magnitude 7 earthquake hit Haiti at 16:53 local time. The earthquake’s epicentre was 25 km west of Port-au-Prince, the capital. Most people, businesses and services were located in the capital.
        Effects (Social)
        3 million people affected.
        Over 220,000 deaths.
        300,000 injured.
        Several hospitals collapsed.
        1.3 million made homeless.
        Economic impacts of the earthquake
        30,000 commercial buildings collapsed
        Businesses destroyed.
        Damage to the main clothing industry.
        Airport and port damaged loss in tourism.
        Reasons for severity of the effects
        There were very few earthquake-resistant buildings.
        Buildings and other structures were poorly built.
        The epicentre was near to the capital
        There were few resources to rescue or treat injured people.
        Response to Earthquake
        Haiti is very poor so they did not have enough money or rescources to redevelop. Most haitian live off $20 a day.
        Neighbouring Dominican Republic provided emergency water and medical supplies as well as heavy machinery to help clear rubble
        Emergency rescue teams arrived from a number of countries, eg Iceland.
        GIS was used to provide satellite images and maps of the area, to assist aid organisations.
        Medical teams began treating the injured – temporary field hospitals were set up by organisations like the International Committee of the Red Cross.
        Charities raised money
        United Nations troops and police were sent to help distribute aid and keep order.
        After 1 year still 1,300 camps, shows dependency on Aid
        Farmers supported so crops could grow
        Schools rebuilt
        People paying Haitians to clear rubble