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Growth & Development 2 (Psychology of Older Adults (Communicating w/…

- - - - Weight ~ 3 times birth
        
        Body shape is more adult-like appearance
        
        abdomen protrudes, back is swayed
        
        Crawls/stands alone
        
        unassisted walk by 2yrs
        
        Drinks from glass or cup(spills)
    - - more erect posture
        
        brain 80% full size
        
        minor balancing skills - one foot!
        
        Grasps large crayon with fist; scribbles enthusiastically
        
        Enjoys pouring and filling activities-sand, water
    - - Males 53% of adult height v Females 57% of adult height
        
        Legs grow faster than arms, and neck appears
        
        Jumps on the spot, walk up stairs unassited
        
        brushed own teeth (not thoroughly)
        
        potty trained
    - - Climbs ladders, trees, playground equipment
        
        More accurate at hitting nails and pegs with hammer
        
        Walks in a straight line
    - - Head size is complete, Body is adult-like in proportion
        
        Walks backward
        
        Builds 3-D objects with cubes by copying a model
        
        Begin to colour within the lines. Cuts on the line with scissors
    - - Weight gain reflects significant increase in muscle mass
        
        Heart rate and respiratory rates ~ adult
        
        Learn to ride a bicycle, swim, swing a bat, or kick a ball
  - - - Use one word to convey an entire thought: "me" may mean I want more or my turn
        Responds to simple questions with "yes" or "no”
        Acquires, uses five to fifty words: words refer to animals, food, and toys.
    - - Realizes language is effective for getting responses to needs and preferences
        = Is able to verbalize needs.
        Receptive language is more developed than expressive language
        Repeatedly asks, "What's that?"
    - - Uses prepositions
        Produces elaborate sentence structures
        Begins to correctly use the past tense of verbs
        States first and last name, gender, siblings' names
        Recites and sings simple songs and rhymes
    - - Tells a familiar story from pictures in a book
        Knows some colours
        Knows town, birthday, parents names
        Can carry on conversation and ask questions
    - - ?
    - - non language sounds, crying
  - - - Total dependent on and trusting of parent
    - - Often refuses to cooperate with daily routines
        
        May have a tantrum when things go wrong
        
        Exceedingly curious about people and
        surroundings
    - - Becoming independent
        
        Likes companionship of other children, but does not
        play cooperatively
        
        Often imitates adult actions in play + enjoys adult attention
    - - Likes to please
        Close attachment to parent
        
        Shows signs of empathy and caring: comforts another child if
        hurt or frightened
    - - Strong willed
        
        Establishing own identity
        
        Moods change rapidly and unpredictably
    - - Friendships with own gender
        
        Increase in fine motor skills, ball skills
    - - Growth spurt, puberty
        
        developing self responsibility
        
        influenced by peer pressure
    - - Impatient; finds it difficult to wait
        
        Bossy with parents and caregivers; orders them around
        
        wants everything "just so"
        
        routines carried out exactly as before
    - - Quite independent
        
        Self motivated
- - - - Personality is formed through conflicts among three fundamental structures of the human mind: the id, ego and superego
    - - Through active involvement and interactions children will understand and develop through:
        
        Adaptation – How new information is handled
        
        Assimilation – incorporation new information into existing cognitive structures
        
        Accommodation – adjusting existing cognitive structures to fit the new informatio
    - - Knowledge is socially constructed, despite children being active learners. Cultural values and customs dictate what is important to learn
    - - The environment affects the child and the child influences the environment. These interrelationships among the environment-systems shape a child's development.
    - - Eight stages of development that a healthy human should pass through
- - - - Genetic influence = PAX 9 gene OR
        “Inhibitory cascade model" - 6s>7s>8s
    - - Reduction in the bony areas of the facial skeleton that anchor the teeth in the jaws
        
        Reduction in wear rates