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CULTURE - SOCIOLOGY (DEFINITIONS (Values= Issues that people have strong…
CULTURE - SOCIOLOGY
DEFINITIONS
Values= Issues that people have strong beliefs about in society -e.g believing that stealing is wrong
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Culture= the ideas, customs and social behaviour of a particular society
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High Culture= relates to the kinds of culture by enjoyed by those with higher status within a society
Popular Culture= every aspect of culture that is not high culture - sometimes referred to as mass culture - some claim that this is a form of culture that is a less sophisticated version of culture - the origins of popular culture lie within the growth of the mass media
Global Culture= with the spread of the western ideas through the mass media, there is now arguably a global culture, a collection of specific norms and values which cross national boundaries - McDonaldisation Ritzer 1993: argues that societies are becoming similar to each other in the way that fast food chains are similar.
Consumer Culture= set of ideas that encourages people to buy a range of never ending products. A consumer culture is closely connected to the global culture since the mass media is used to promote and advertise these products.
Subculture= A smaller group within a larger group that has its own norms and values, which are different to the wider group
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Primary Socialisation= period of a person's life in which they learn to build their selves through expectation and interactions when they're young - occurs mainly through family
Secondary Socialisation= Occurs from childhood through adulthood - individuals encounter new groups, and must take up new roles to successfully participate in society
Socialisation never stops - continues throughout life - this process of learning new norms and values is called resocialisation
Family - leads primary socialisation, parents are the first role models
Peer Group- desire to fit in w/ group, can be a source of rebellion
Education- influenced by government, hidden curriculum e.g Sex Ed, Golden Rules
Media- Stereotypes of groups, influences consumer culture
Religion- becoming less important, influences values and customs
Workplace- aspects of formal and informal, links to socialisation
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Biologist believe behaviour is mainly shaped by natural instincts, e.g natural instincts for self preservation
Sociologists believe the way we behave is different despite the biological urges, e.g some individuals self harm
The Nurture Argument-if your behaviour was predetermined by biological urges and inherited factors, then we wouldn't see such a variation in behaviours between different societies. - The reason for these variations is that our behaviour is learned rather than instinctive
Norms & Values are relative, not fixed
STUDIES + THEORIES
Study comparing tribal cultures in 1930-Found that there were three different societies on an island in Papua New Guinea, that each had a unique setup when it came to gender expectation
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Consensus- society is predictable, people need solidarity. Socialisation creates consensus
Conflict- false class consciousness occurs where people accept their social positions due to institutions. Eventually leads to revolution.
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Peer groups in primary school when playing are gendered -e.g boys play football and play rough | girls play hopscotch and tea parties
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FERAL CHILDREN
Oxana -born with no abnormalities -adopted by dogs following abandonment - behaviour was dog like rather than human like -Nurture affected her more than nature as her identity was as a dog
Bouchard's Twin Study - two identical twins who had been separated from birth and raised separately - when reunited as adult, there were significant similarities in behaviour and preferences - supports the nature argument - suggesting influence by inherited factor
SOCIAL CONTROL
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Religion- to believers, religion offer the ultimate sanctions
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If all the other methods of social control have failed, societies have even more powerful methods of social control - they may use organise force
Formal Agencies of Social Control= police, law, courts, government + military
Informal Agencies of Social Control= family, peer group, subcultures, media, religion, education, workplace
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