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Ch 23: Seed Plants 2 Angiosperms (Monocots images (Commelinoid Monocots…
Ch 23: Seed Plants 2 Angiosperms
Changing concepts about early angiosperms
wind-pollinated trees
grouped
subclass Hamamelidae
last century
Ranalean flower
Magnolia type flower
relictual
generalized
has all parts
Classification of flowering plants
two lines of evolution
monocot
1 cotyledon
on embryo
leaves
parallel veins
elongated
strap shaped
EX: lilies, irises, grasses
has vascular bundles
throughout stem
no secondary growth
flowers
multiples of 3
eudicot
2 cotyledons
reticulate venation
in leaves
vascular bundles
arranged in ring
in stem
can be
woody
herbaceous
succulent
flower
sets of 5
sometimes 4 sets
early angiosperms
basal angiosperms
diverged
into clades
Basal Angiosperms
contain
descendents
from younger clades
three evolved groups
Amborellaceae
Amborella trichopoda
wood
contains tracheids
no vessels
little parenchyma
dioecious
some staminate flowers
numerous stamens
numerous carpellate
others
carpellate flowers
Nymphaeaceae
water lilies
small
soft bodied herbs
vascular bundles
scattered
lack wood
flowers
animal pollinated
Austrobaileyales
woody trees
bisexual flowers
stamen and carpels
similar to Amborella
Magnolia
numerous
stamens
carpels
pollen grains
single germination pore
uniaperturate
Examples magnoliids
luarels
avocado
pepeprs
Monocots
Alistmatales
aquatic herbs
found in
swamps
marshes
thin and delicate
very little sclerenchyma
almost no xylem
Liliales
petaloid
large colorful flowers
examples
tulips
lilies
Calochortus
Fritillaria
unusual member
Smilacaceae
tough
fibrous vines
leaves
petiole
broad lamina
reticulate ventation
not dicots
Asparagales
carpels
fuse side-side
called septa
starting at base
Septal nectaries
unfused area
of carpel
secrete nectar
diverse morphlogy
small delicate bulbs
EX: hyacinth, onion, chives
vining epiphytes
EX: orchids
Dioscoreales
one family
Dioscoreaceae
Ex: yams
unusual morphology
broad leaves
reticulate venation
petiolate
Commelinoid Monocots
unique epicuticular wax
Walls
unusual
hemicelluloses
ultraviolet-fluorescent compounds
Pollen & endosperm
contains starch
Arecales
Palms
vascular bundles
scattered
Leaves
occur near
shoot apex
never along
stem length
simple
shape
pinnate pattern
feather palms
palmate pattern
fan palms
flowers
very small
hardly seen
Poales
Grass Family
Poaceae
EX: wheat, barley, oats
all wind pollinated
Sepals and petals
not important
bristle like structure
Capels
fused together
stigmas
seperate
Zingiberales
house plants
EX: canna lilies, bird-of-paradise
Flowers
large
showy
pollinated by
birds
insects
bats
adjacent sepals
fused together
forms tube
same for petals
bilaterally symmetrical
gynoecium
3 carpels
almost fused completly
inferior
located below sepal
Eudicots
Basal Eudicots
Ranunculaceae
flowers
little fusion of parts
many stamen
may
remain free
fuse together
forming tube
fuse to carpel
many carpel
Poppy
morphologically
unusual
either herb
shrubs
soft wood
Caryophyllales
produce
betalains
water-soluble pigments
Endosperm
develops a little
not all the way
forms
perisperm
nutritive tissue
surrounds embryo
plastids
contain
fibrous protein deposits
other angiosperms
contain
starch or
crystalline protein
members
herbaceous
no- little wood
can be
anomalous wood
Santalales
modified plants
parasitic
Santalaceae
contains tree (santalum)
roots
connect to other roots
parasitizing them
other example
mistletoe
Rosid Clade
2 large clades
Fabids (eurosids 1)
Malvids (eurosids 2)
Rosids
dont have
relictual features
from basal angiosperms
have
presence of
pinnately compound leaves
some simple leaves
early ancestral condition
fruits include
apple
peach
strawberry, raspberry
Asterid Clade
Ex: sunflowers, morning glory
sister clade of rosids
have 3 features
sympetalous flowers
fused together
into tube
few stamens
stamens alternate w/petals
lacks specialized chemicals
doesnt have
betalains
benzyl-isoquinoline alkaloids
ellagic acid
proanthocyanins
does have
iridoid compounds
Apocynaceae (oleander family)
extremely important medicinally
Members
have
wide chemical defenses
against herbivores
