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Cloning (Animal Cloning (Reproductive
cloning to produce a whole…
Cloning
Animal Cloning
Reproductive
- cloning to produce a whole organism
- e.g. Embryo transplantation or Dolly the sheep
Splitting embryos for embryo transplantation
- all offspring are identical to each other but not to the surrogate mothers
Nuclear transfer using enucleated eggs
- nucleus is taken from a differentiated cell in an adult and placed into an enucleated egg cell
Dolly the sheep
- A cell was taken from one sheep and was fused with an egg cell with the nucleus removed.
- the two cells are fused together
- the egg grew to an embryo
- embryo is placed into a uterus of a different sheep
Non-reproductive
- using cloning to produce cells
- e.g. Stem cell research or production of cells, tissues or organs
1951 - HeLa cells
- cancerous cells which divide repeatedly in culture solution
- used in medical research
Stem cells
- totipotent or pluripotent
- undifferentiated cells that are able to differentiate into specialised cells
- embryonic stem cells - ethic arguments
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Disadvantage
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Genetic uniformity, loss of genetic variation
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Agriculture Annual
Seeds
- After years of inbreeding, all crops are now genetically uniform
- Even though seeds require sexual reproduction, all seeds and plants produced are genetically uniform
Agriculture Perennials
- High cost
- But offset by Long periods plants used
- High value of product
Disadvantage to cloning
- Susceptible to disease
- Unable to adapt to climate change
- Loss of variation
- Cloning is the production of genetically identical organisms.
- in plants, cloning can occur naturally by asexual reproduction
- all cells are produced by mitosis from cells that were originally part of the parent plant
- all plants are genetically identical to the parent plant and each other