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Immunity (Non-specific = keeps pathogens out (Skin
prevents entry of…
Immunity
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Types of cells - T Cells
T Helper - produce interleukine which stimulate B clells to produce more antibodies. Stimulates the production of other T cells and attract macrophage
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Types of T Lymphocytes
- T Helper cells - produce interleukine which stimulate B cells to produce more antibodies
- T Killer cells -
- T Memory cells -
- T regulator cells -
Inflammatory response
Localised response to pathogens
- causes pain, heat, redness and swelling of tissues
Mast Cells are activated in damaged tissues and releases chemicals: Histamines and Cytokinins
- Histamines makes blood dilate causing localised heat and redness which prevents pathogens reproducing
- Histamines makes blood vessel walls more leaky so plasma is forced out and causes swelling.
- Cytokinins attracts white blood cells (phagocytes) to the site. Dispose pathogen via phagocytosis
- increase body temp and stimulate specific immune response
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B Lymphocytes
-bacteria with surface antigens present in the body
t-he anitgens present on the surface of the bacteria bind to b cell with a complimentary receptor
-the antigen is taken ip by the cell
Types of B lymphocytes
- Plasma cells - makes antibodies
- B Effector cells - divides to form cell clones
- B Memory cells - remembers antigens
Blood clotting
Blood Clotting
- When platelets come into contact with the collagen in the skin or the wall of the blood vessel, they adhere and secrete several substances
- Platelet and damaged tissue releases Thromobplastin
- Thromboplastin catalyses reaction between Ca^2+ and Vitamin K (in plasma) and Prothrombin
- Thrombin is made
- Thrombin catalyses a reaction with Fibrinogen
- Fibrin is made
- Fibrin forms a Clot.
antibody
- Bind to antigens preventing pathogens entering cells (neutralisation)
- Immobilise bacteria by sticking them together in clumps (agglutination)
- Immobilise bacteria by binding to flagella
- Binds to toxins preventing them having an effect on cells
- Binds to pathogens "flagging them up" to phagocyte