Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Biology Exam #2 :leaves: (Ecology (Ecosystem (A unit containing all the…

- - - - Take cell from Dolly's genetic mother and separate the nucleus from the rest of the cell. This cell is called the Somatic Cell.
      - Take an unfertilised egg from another mammal (in this case another female sheep) and remove the nucleus. This is now called the Enucleated Cell
      - Fuse the the nucleus from the Somatic Cell and the Enucleated Cell
      - Wait as the new DNA and egg cell needs time to adjust to each other
      - To fertilise the cell, add some chemicals that simulates the sperm fertilising the egg
      - Wait until cell has divided into 16 cells in the petri dish
      - Now transplant the fertilised cell into a uterus of a female sheep (the surrogate donor)
      - The sheep should have a normal pregnancy and birth
      - The sheep should be a clone of the Dolly's generic mother (the nucleus)
      - http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cloning/clickandclone/
- - - - Waterproof layer that prevents waterloss
    - - Single layer of cells
      - few chloroplasts
      - transparent so it allows light through
    - - top of the leaf - close to the light
      - lots of chloroplasts
      - tightly packed together
    - - Cells not packed tightly
      - Large surface area for gas exchange
      - Lots of air spaces
    - - Open and closes stomata
    - - Allows gases to enter and exit leaf
    - - Xylem
        
        Water Transport
      - Phloem
        
        Sugar Transport
- - - - Pili
        
        Short, hair like fibers which its primary functions are to attach itself to other surfaces
      - Nucloid region
        
        Part of a prokaryote cell that is contains circular DNA chromosomes instead of a nucleus in eukaryote cells
      - Flagella
        
        Bacteria move by 'swimming' with their flagella (single = flagellum)
      - Plasmid
        
        Small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule which is distinct from a bacteria's chromosomes. These help with anti-biotic resistance
      - Cell Membrane
      - Cell Wall
    - - As they divide, the number of bacteria increases
      - A small number of bacteria begins to reproduce
      - The rate of division slows as resources begin to run out (Oxygen, nutrients, physical space)
      - Rate of bacteria death becomes higher than rate of division due to lack of resources or toxin build up
  - - - Simplest and smallest life forms
      - No Nucleas
      - Single Cell
    - - Larger unicellular organisms
      - With Nucleas
      - Many Different types of Prostita
    - - Group of mostly multi-cellular organisms
  - - - Spores are small cells that float in the air until it finds suitable conditions to germinate (begin to grow) and begin-multiplying.
    - - The cell grows to a certain size and makes a copy of its genes (doubles nucleus or just the DNA)
      - Then divides into two smaller cells, each with a copy of the genes
      - This process can be extremely rapid. Bacteria in our gut can divide every 20 minutes (exponential growth)