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Superpowers (EQ1 What are the superpowers and how have they changed over…

- - - - Cultural hegemony
      - Location
      - GDP etc.
    - - Hard power
        
        Geograpnhical location
        
        Millitary strength
        
        Direct
        
        Political power (UNSC)
        
        Economic power
      - Soft power
        
        TNC's
        
        Media
        
        Indirect
        
        Political power (WEF)
    - - Whoever controls europe and asia is the superpower
      - Traditional superpower view
      - Early 1800's-1900's
      - Less significant now, US is only superpower now, even though it would not be considered under this theory
  - - - Imperial period (Empires)
      - Mainly exerted power through force (invasion)
      - Millitary power and hard power being the main way of exerting control
      - Element of cultural exchange (commonwealth)
    - - Rise and fall of superpowers (Kondratieff)
        
        Mainly regarding Russia, but can involve other superpowers
      - Superpowers running out of money to keep control over their colonies after WW2, as the war caused great damage within Europe
      - USSR vs USA
      - Rest of world following these ideologies
        
        Cold war ideologies
      - Very few instances of any conflict, no direct fighting
        
        Indirect rule
        
        Reduced direct conflict
        
        Proxy wars (Vietnam, Korea)
        
        North Vietnam sponsored by USSR, South Vietnam supported by US
        
        North Korea supported by Russia and China, South Korea supported by Japan and the USA
      - Movement towards uni-polar world
        
        USSR collapses
        
        USA only superpower
        
        Rise of BRICS as new possible supoerpowers
        
        Neo-colonialism, China offering FDI, in return for influence in Africa etc.
    - - More stabilising force
      - Unilateral action
  - - - China most likely Superpower
      - Brazil most likely to be regional superpower, not really superpower
    - - Modernisation
        
        Rostow
        
        Explains US superpower rise through globalisation
      - Dependency
        
        Core and periphery
        
        Still dependent on colonial or neo-colinial links
      - World systems
        
        Core and periphery and semi-periphery
        
        China, rise through globalisation
      - Limitations and strengths
- - - - Bretton woods instituions
      - Unfair voting power
      - US has massive influence
      - UNSC - Superpowers have way more power due to veto power
        
        France
        
        UK
        
        Russia
        
        USA
        
        China
    - - Most of the powerful TNC's are American
      - Top 5 TNC's by revenue
        
        Walmart (USA)
        
        2.) State Grid (China)
        
        3.) China National Petroleum (China)
        
        Sinopec group (China)
        
        5.) Royal Dutch Shell (Netherlands and UK)
        
        6.) ExxonMobil (USA)
    - - Westernization
        
        Through TNC's to some extent
        
        Apple
        
        Film Companies
        
        Fast Food TNC's
        
        Spread of food and media
        
        Causing cultural shift
        
        Glocalization
        
        Adapting products to specific regions
        
        McDonald's in India with Chicken Burgers, as beef is not allowed
  - - - Haiti Earthquake
      - Superpowers have influence over other countries
        
        US millitary co-ordinated crisis response, due to the fact they have influence over the area
    - - Srebrinica
        
        Not successful mission
      - DRC
        
        Largest UN peacekeeping mission
        
        Spent $10 Billion on it so far
        
        Middling success
      - Rwandan Genocide
        
        Not successful
    - - Military
        
        NATO
        
        Russia displeased with past communist coutnries joining NATO, as they do not want American soldiers near
        
        Atlantic Ocean, North America, Europe
        
        ANZUS
        
        Australia, New Zealand and US
        
        Gives America justification for Asian military interference
      - Economic
        
        EU
        
        NAFTA
        
        ASEAN
        
        WTO
      - Environmental
        
        WWF
        
        WHO
  - - - Kuznet curve
        
        Economic development against environmental degradation
      - Chinese Factories
      - BRICS med ec.dev, high dev.deg
      - USA, UK High ec. dev Low env. deg
    - - Paris Accords
        
        Trump Suggesting withdrawal from climate change efforts
      - China one of the biggest investors in clean energy
        
        Three Gorges Dam
        
        Solar farms
    - - China and India
      - Since the 1980's estimated that about 800 million people lifted out of poverty, and have become the middle class of China
        
        Impact on consumption of goods
        
        Nutritional transition to meat, increased CO2 emissions
        
        Since 2000, meat consumption has gone up 99%, consumption of cereals has gone up by 364%
        
        Buying land in Africa to grow more food, as they have run out of arable land in Mainland China
- - - - Arctic
        
        Russia vs USA fight over resources
      - South China Sea
        
        China vs other South Asian countries
        
        America has also become involved
      - UNCLOS
        
        EEZ's
        
        Whatever is within 200 miles of your coast, you can claim it
        
        China building artificial islands
        
        Extending EEZ's within the South China Sea by building these islands
        
        Mainly oil resources
        
        Link to energy topic - energy insecurity
    - - Fake goods manufactured en masse in China
      - Pharmaceutical Drugs
        
        HIV/AIDS
        
        Big pharma companies put a lot of money into researching new drugs to treat illnesses, but these drugs are very expensive
        
        NHS can buy in bulk, but in many developing countries this is not the caee as they do not have enough money
        
        Generic drugs - no brand name, so cheaper
        
        Can only be done if there is no patent on the drug
        
        Patent on the HIV/AIDS drugs, so factories making thse generic HIV/AIDS drugs are doing it illegally
        
        Seems morally right, but big pharma unhappy as they fund a lot of money into drugs, are not getting a return investment to fund furhter research
    - - Crimean peninsula
        
        Russia annexed port to have a warm water port that they can use all year round without having to sail past NATO members in Europe
  - - - Syria
        
        Iraq
        
        Refugee crisis nearly drew Europe into the crisis
        
        Lot of air strikes from the US
        
        Russia drawn into the conflict, supporting Assad and Syrian government against US
        
        Russia constantly veto's actions against Syria in UNSC, as Russia is allied in Syria
        
        US, France, UK bombed Syria anyway as they got fed up and decided to take unilateral action
        
        ISIS - Rise in extremism within Europe, some instances in the US
    - - Lots of issues within the US that could potentially lead to Superpower downfall
        
        Main issue is economic restructuring
        
        Deindustrialization US (2nd to 3rd and 4th)
        
        Post industrial phase
        
        Lost a lot of heavy industry
        
        Tertiary industry increased
        
        Some R and D industry
        
        Creates a lot of money
        
        American heartlands has been destroyed through deindustrialization, especially Detroit, where car manufacturing has collapsed, along with the local economy
        
        Could destabilise US superpower status
        
        Global Shift China (1st to 2nd)
        
        Clark-Fisher model
        
        Moving from one industrial sector to another
  - - - 2030- China, 2050 - India
      - India and China have more of a regional influence, than a total influence across the world
    - - Millitary Cost
      - cost of being a nuclear power
      - Cost of intelligence service
    - - Brexit