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Task 3 Emotion regulation (theories (expanded process model --->…
Task 3 Emotion regulation
theories
expanded process model
---> expension to expalin differences between people
---> explains second level which shows why ppl differ from each other
know the world, perception, response, receive anger at second level / second loop --> revaluate etc etc ... kno wthe example in the manual :3 !!
emotion regulation 3 steps
identification
selection stage
implementation
but also when can it fail :P ?
modal model
--> doesnt have regulation strategies yet
--> doesnt include processes of eachstage
process model
--> includes processes for each stage + regulation strategies :3 !!
gender differences
male vs female rate of mental disorder = same (in US)
!!! ---> BUT gender differences in prevelance !!
females = more internalized disorders
--> depression
--> anxiety
males = more externalized disorders
--> oppositional defiance disorder
--> aggressive behavior
--> substance abuse
mental disorders = characterized by deficit in emotion regulation
-->
for males caused by 2 things:
------>
childhood socialisation
(sterotypical foncformity)
------>
experience of norms that are influncing person now
emotion regulation
--> influenced by being male in two ways
------> explain when and how males could regualte their eotion
childhood socialisation
--> not as important for emotion regulation than context
--> might influence development of schemas about emotion per gender though
parental influence
--> reinforce different emotions in children based on gender
mothers
--> emphasis expression of sadness and fear more with daughters than with sons (not my mom :)!!)
both
--> pay more attention to sadness when girls express it
--> pay more attention to anger when boys express it
could reinforce anger in boys as a form of getting attention
---> higher expression of anger = linked to higher externalized symptoms in childhood + adulthood
fathers
--> shun emotions like sadness (don't be such a baby ) in sons (nah cant relate my dad is best :) !! )
.
peers
---> boys cause of parental influence contribute to stereotype and emotion dysregulation, by shunning display of "unmanly emotions"
------->
social learning
= restrict emotions not conform with stereotype displayed by peers and conforms to parental influence
experienced norms about being male
cognitive factors (norms)
-->
descriptive norms
(observed, how others behave)
-->
prescriptive/injunctive norms
(implied, how one thinks one should behave (based on external cues))
descriptive norms
---->
women
: happiness, sadness, fear
---->
men
: anger and pride + (suppress sadness + fear)
---------> because seen as desirable =
influences prescriptive as well
effect of old traditional vs balanced norms
-->
if affected by old manly norm
= less intense emotion, higher levels of depression + anxiety + aggressive behavior
-->
balanced norms
= experience emotions more :)
Male Normative Alexithymia Hypothesis
--> lifetime conforming to stereotypical norms of manliness = deficit in recognition of and describing emotions (alexithymia)
----> evidence: men greter difficulty describing emotion than women <-- depends on childhood socialisation and how much it was influenced by manly stereotyps
#
experience
gender role strain paradigm
#
--> norms hard to conform -->failing to conform leads to stress --> fear of punishment makes people conform
1. Norms = hard to conform with because:
--> inconsistent
--> contradictory
--> constraining
2. failing to conform = leads to stress + anxiety
--> caused by negative consequences / punishment (by others) of failing to conform (shunning, social sanctions "stop being a baby" kinda thing
---->
ironic,
as negative consequences elicit fear and sadness which they according to norm shoul dnot display in first place lol :p !!
3. fear of negative consequences / punishment (mentioned in 2) when not conforming = drives people to conform
#
precarious Manhood thesis
--> achievement of being seen masculin = hard earned and easy lost
1. masculinity cant be achieved in a stable sense
--> as soon as stopping to prove it, you start loosing it lol
--> requires ongoing public demonstrations of proof to maintain
2. Because not stable they constantly having to proof which causes stress!!
---> this caused by and puts constant stress and anxiety about potential punishments from failing to conform on them
#
#
threats to masculinity (e.g., being forced to engage in stereotypically feminine activities; being told that they are“less manly”than most men) elicit anger and anxiety in me
masculine discrepancy stress has been shown to be associated with a range of emotion regulation difficulties including the ability to know the emotions one is experiencing,to accept emotions, and the ability to access a range of strategies for effective regulation of emotions
!!!!---> important difference to gender role strain paradigm
-------> which says failing to conform leads to stress whereas this says ppl experience stress, because they constantly need to proof because they fear potential consequences####
#