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TP's in NA CR (the removal of boarding schools by interwar years - E/S…
TP's in NA CR
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LBJ
1963-69
referred to NA's as the 'Forgotten Americans' and set out a programme to improve their position which Nixon built upon.
However...
- LBJ had the support of congress so arguably could have done more
First president to recognise there was still problems and that assimilation had not fixed the problems
THE NEW DEAL
The Indian Reorganisation Act
(Wheeler-Howard act) 1934 #
Positives
protected the right for NA's to practice their own religion and asset their cultural identity - meant they were freer.
- This included using the hallucinatory drug peyote, which was used for religious visions
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Made illegal the sale of Native land to individual buyers, and the recovery of unallocated land which therefore helped to stop reductions in reservation land and helped expand current reservations - (E)
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Greater role in administering their reservations and saw the establishment of corporations on the reservations to ensure resources were better managed
Negatives
modified by Senate committee to not include Self-determination for tribal councils and courts (-S) however it did allow Natives to have more influence in the running of reservations (+S)
Assimilation
Positives
Indians were able to retain an element of their cultural heritage despite government efforts as reservation life ensured tribal life was sustained - S
- However as they clung to tribal ways they were denied citizenship - maintaining their tribal rivalries meant they were unable to unit into a force which could work to change this
Christian missionaries were largely unsuccessful in converting indians
- Continued to practice their rituals in secret
Negatives
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Reservation schools = dubious education value
- Limited curriculum clearly designed to determine the future role on NA's and to purge young people of their tribal ways
Many sent to these boarding schools ran away
- Limited opportunities for graduates
- If they returned after education, they were seen as untrustworthy by their communities and there found themselves trapped between 2 cultures
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