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Respiration (Principles of Gas Exchange in Animals (Gases diffuse across a…

- - - - water travels across pharyngeal slits, over the gills, and out
      - Water going over gills leads to gas exchange
      - water comes in through mouth
    - - Blood and water travel in opposite directions
      - O2 content in blood always lower than in water--> water always diffusing into blood and CO2 always out
      - Maximizes gas exchange efficiency
  - - - Mammalian Respiratory Sytem
        
        Alveoli: air sacs at tips of bronchioles
        
        See gas exchange with circulatory system occur here
        
        O2 out of lungs into blood, CO2 out of blood into lungs
        
        Covered in capillary beds
        
        Epithelium in bronchioles covered in cilia and mucus
        
        Negative Pressure Breathing
        
        Air rushes into lungs (inhalation!)
        
        Muscles relax
        
        Gas flows from high pressure to low pressure
        
        Thoracic cavity shrinks (rib cage in and diaphragm up)
        
        Leads to lower pressure in lungs (relative to environment)
        
        Forces CO2 rich air out of body (exhalation)
        
        Muscular contractions expand thoracic cavity
        
        Air enters, filtered by nose hairs
        
        Negative Pressure is Made By
        
        Diaphragm pulls thoracic cavity down
        
        Muscles in rib cage pull thoracic cavity out
      - Breathing in Birds
        
        2 cycles of inhalation and exhalation to complete circuit
        
        Air forced into lungs
        
        breathe in again--> air goes into anterior air sacs
        
        Air goes into posterior air sacs
        
        Breathe out
        
        Breathe in--> air in through thracea
        
        Air flow is unidirectional--> oxygenated and deoxygenated air barely interact
        
        Air sacs act as bellows to keep air moving
  - - - Hemolymph lacks red blood cells, distributes nutrients, and collects waste
      - Gas exchange separate from circulatory system
    - - Branches found close to every cell in body (like capillaries)
      - connected to environment by pores (how O2 comes in)
- - - - Lots of CO2 in organs, not a lot in capillaries
      - Change in blood pH increases release of O2 from hemoglobin
      - Gradient differs in body parts than in lungs
    - - iron is binding site for oxygen
      - Iron atom does all the work
    - - Process of Removal:
        
        ~20% binds to proteins in hemoglobin (NOT TO IRON)
        
        ~73% diffuses into red blood cells, converts to HCO3, travels to lungs this way
        
        Breathed out
        
        converted back into CO2 at lungs
        
        ~7% dissolves into plasma and will travel to lungs that way
      - CO2 is the waste product of Cellular Respiration