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ROTBERG (WEAK STATES (Alternatively, they may be basically strong, but…
ROTBERG
STRONG STATES
Strong states offer high levels of security from political violence, ensure political freedom and civil liberties and create environments conducive to the growth of economic opportunity
The rule of law prevails. Infrastructure works, Services are available and function.
Strong states control their territories and deliver a full range of high quality of political goods to citizens
Fulfil all the indicators
FAILURE OF STATES
Argues that strong states may be distinguished from weak ones, by their ability to deliver political goods-- a somewhat intangible thing, but concerned the ability to channel concerns of the citizens
When states are unable to buffer or manipulate external forces and mediate between the challenges of the international arena they can be said to have failed.
Services to consider are: security, dispute resolution, citizen participation, medical and healthcare, education, infrastructure, finance and banking, space for civil society and means to regulate the environmental commons
Argues that nation-states fail when they are consumed by internal violence and are therefore unable to deliver positive g&s to their populations
WEAK STATES
Alternatively, they may be basically strong, but weakened due to internal antagonism, management flaws, greed, despotism or external attacks
Weak states typically harbour ethnic, religious, linguistic, or other intercommunal tensions that have not, as yet, become overtly violent
Rotberg argues that they may be weak due to geographical, physical or fundamental economic constraints
GDP may be falling. There may be corruption, the population may be ruled by despots, elected, or not
States in crisis
Special category of weak states are autocracies which are secure and control dissent, but provide very few political goods -- i.e. North Korea -- stability on one level but not 100% -- ability to have services. Rwanda is another example
FAILED STATES
Failed states
Declining real national and per capital levels of annual GDP
There can be widespread levels of hunger
corruption flourishes
Nation-state has lost legitimacy in the eyes of its people
offer unparalleled economic opportunity, but only for a few
Little control over its borders
The state is owned by an elite class
There are warlords or local strongmen
Failed states provide only limited quantities of political goods. For example
Sudan
- the government is constantly trying to extract money for their own purposes e.g. sending civilians into war-zones. There is a tension between the centre and peripheries
Nature of these insurgencies stem from, or have roots in, ethnic, religious, linguistic, or other intercommunal issues
Enduring character of violence and consuming quality of the violence which engulfs great swaths of states and is directed at the incumbent regime
tense, deeply conflicted, dangerous and contested bitterly by warring factions. In such states, government troops battle armed revolts led by one or more rivals
COLLAPSED STATES
Political goods are obtained through private or ad hoc means
There is a vacuum of authority
rare and extreme version of a failed state
"It is a mere geographical expression, a black hole into which a failed polity has fallen. There is a dark energy, but the forces of entropy have overwhelmed the radiance that hitherto provided some semblance of order"
When collapses occur, sub-state actors take over. Those warlords gain control over regions and sub-regions within what has been a nation state, and build up their own security apparatus, markets and trading arrangements. E.G. Somalia, South Sudan and Lybia