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Impurities and Dislocations (2D (Any type of boundaries (the more…
Impurities and Dislocations
1D
Metals
Dislocation
Edge
Add a column
Screw
As if part of the material is pushed to the side
RUBIX CUBE
Mixed
2D
Any type of boundaries
the more satisfied bonds, the less energy in the system
Grain Boundaries
End of the material
0D
Metals
Vacancy
An atom is missing
Self Interstitial
Add an extra atom of the same atom
Substitutional Impurity
*
HUME ROTHERY RULES
Radii (must be within 15%)
Similar electronegativities
Similar crystal structures
Valency SOLUTE> solvent
replace a few atoms with a different type of atom
Interstitial Impurity
Different atom in between atoms of the metal
Also uses Hume Rotary rules
Ceramics
Vacancy
Schottky
remove an anion, then remove a cation so the charges are balanced
Frenkel
remove a cation, put in a different cation interstitially
formulas for #vacancies specific to shottky and frenkels. Denominator is (2*KbT)
Impurities
Alloy
PRESERVE electron neutrality
3D
Voids, cracks, pores
ANIONS ARE BIGGER