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Corrections (History (Penitentiary (Congregate (Auburn Pen., isolated @…

- - - - Pennsylvania System
      - Quaker idea; through isolation repentance
      - Walnut street Jail, eastern state pen.
    - - Auburn Pen.
      - isolated @ night work together in day
      - New York System
      - began contract labor system w/inmates
  - - - Physical punishments like stocks, whipping, removal of appendages, public humiliation
  - - - Inmate change rewarded by release
      - Indeterminate sentences
      - Cincinnati, separation of sexes
  - - - Mandatory sentences
      - 3 Strikes legislation
      - Longer sentences
      - Greater use of incarceration
  - - - civil rights movements
      - Vietnam War
- - - - "slave to state", "civil death"
      - Prior to 1960's
    - - 1960's-1980's
        
        begins with cooper vs pate
  - - - May search cells and confiscate anything without suspicion or wrongdoing or justification as long as it is not due to anything with race or sex
    - - body searches permissible to fit institutional need and when not
        used to degrade
    - - May strip search those entering jail under minor offense
  - - - mail censorship only with demonstration of compelling gov. interest
- - - - payment for what you caused/did
    - - taking a gain from illegal activity
    - - goes to court
  - - - 21 states by 1920
      - Began as second chance, evolved to supervision & service
        provision (case management)
      - First statewide system in Massachusetts, 1880
      - 44 states by the beginning of WWII
      - John Agustus, Boston 1841
    - - Works best with solid working relationship between judge and
        supervising officer
      - Centralized vs. Decentralized
        
        Funding
        
        Training
        
        combined with parole
        
        indiana is decentralized
  - - - daily check ins
      - often require programming
    - - costly to offender
      - high failure rate
      - Requires telephone service
    - - probation diversion
      - institutional diversion
  - - - new PSI requests
      - update or modification hearings
      - Revocation
        
        Technical violation (terms of probation)
    - - home and work
  - - - youthful offenders
      - decline use since 2000's
      - Shock incarceration
      - Resolve "discipline issues"
    - - net-widening
      - which offenders should be admitted
      - which agencies should handle sanctions
- - - - Custody
      - Contract
      - Grace
    - - Maconochie
        
        British Penal Colonies in Tasmania
        
        Terms
        
        Labor on chain gang
        
        Ticket of leave/conditional pardon
        
        Limited freedom
        
        Strict Imprisonment
        
        Full Restoration of liberty
      - Crofton, Ireland
        
        Ticket of leave transitioned to condition-based parole
        
        Brockway-elmira reformatory, New York
  - - - completes maximum court sentence
        
        is not supervised in the community
    - - Maximum minus good time, or a percentage of full sentence is
        served
        
        released conditional parole supervision
    - - Parole board decision to release to parole supervision within
        indeterminate sentencing states
    - - probation
      - furloughs
      - emergency release
      - home supervision
      - compassionate release
  - - - few belongings
      - small amount of money
      - employment
      - housing
      - Stigma/labeling
      - stress and sobriety
  - - - assist with housing, employment
      - liaison between parole and the community
      - build relationships for sucess
    - - keep community safe
      - enforce conditions for release
      - may search without notice, warrant
- - - - 1645-1824
      - Massachusetts Stubborn Child Law (1646)
        
        discipline at hands of family, law if not able
        
        "Evil" child
    - - Rehabilitation of child; family
      - 2005-present
    - - Refinement of the court process and rights of juvenile
      - counsel
      - 1960-1980
      - face accuser
      - adequate notice
    - - Child is helpless
      - 1824-1899
      - Requires supervision and care
      - Houses of Refuge/Reform Schools
      - Same criminal justice procedure used for adults
    - - 1980-2005
      - harsher punishment for juveniles
      - support of waiver