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Henry VIII (Start + Wolsey (Succeeds Henry VII in 1509 (Was not prepared -…

- - - - To decide policy, and dictate to his ministers
      - Achieve glorious victory in battle
      - Magnificant royal court (e.g. attract artists etc)
      - To perform the traditional duties of a monarch
- - - - Made the important decisions - settled disputes, and made appointments
    - - Ensured the King was well-looked after. Held audiences, meetings and made decisions here
    - - The King's closest noble friends - looked after him + entertained him. Informally influenced him
    - - Group of chosen advisers - provided guidance, and handled routine matters
    - - Group of people (nobles, servants etc) that allowed the King to display his wealth
    - - House of Lords + Commons which passed laws + taxes
    - - Landowners who kept law and order in their area
- - - - Dominated by 1 man normally - and few of the members actually attended
      - Neither decisions nor discussion topics were officially recorded
      - No rules governing how meetings were run
    - - Less, but better trained, and permanent advisers (100 -> 20)
  - - - Court of Augmentations
        
        Dealt with income and property from the dissolution
      - Court of First Fruits and Tenths
        
        Collects clergy tax previously sent to Rome
      - Movement towards a modern bureaucracy
        
        Each department was isolated to a specific role, in which Henry played little role - due to the well trained officials instead
- - - - Fifteenths and tenths - percentages of the values of movable goods (15% and 10% in rural and urban areas respectively). However, based on estimates from the 14th century, and were thus inaccurate
    - - Demanded that priests pay 1/3, and everyone else 1/6, with only 10 weeks
      - Revolt broke out in Suffolk - the first rebellion of Henry's reign. It was ended when Henry stopped its collection, humiliating Wolsey
      - The attack on France was abandoned - and Henry began to doubt Wolsey, who attempted no further taxation
- - - - Both natural rivals to Henry
  - - - 'Universal peace' - each European nation agreed to a non-aggression policy
      - Brought prestige to England, who it placed in the centre of European politics - the creators of European peace
        
        Began to be seen as a significant power
      - However, it was broken by 1521 due to the appointment of Charles to Holy Roman Emperor, which surrounded France
    - - Meetings between Francis (officially) and Henry in Calais, although he met Charles just afterwards
      - It was a very grand, prestigious, expensive occasion, but achieved little politically
      - Relationships remained similar afterwards
    - - Very minor contributions - the attack on Paris failed, and no support from Charles ever appeared
      - Charles used Henry's troops as a distraction for the Battle of Pavia (1525), a landslide victory for Charles
      - Charles also refused to expand Henry's power - refused to help them invade the weakened France. England was clearly not an equal ally anymore
      - Overall, it was a failure; Henry had nothing for his efforts, and the war was very expensive - and Charles refused to share his spoils from Pavia
      - Treaty of Bruges (1521) sided England with Charles
    - - Wolsey sided with France, in return for an annual payment. Afterwards, the League of Cognac was created - an allaince of countries e.g. France and Venice
      - In 1527, it threatened Charles with armed intervention if he did not improve relations
    - - Henry needed Charles' support; he wanted to divorce Catherine, his aunt. Also, they ransacked Rome, kidnapping the Pope, making an annulment basically impossible
      - After declaring war in 1528, the English were unable to send troops to support Francis' invasion of the Italian peninsula - discrediting England internationally
      - Wolsey's only supporting act, an embargo on the Netherlands (part of Spain), was called off by English cloth workers
      - After Charles' victory over Francis in 1529, Wolsey was only informed at the last minute of the peace treaty - The Treaty of Cambria; no longer being treated as an equal by anyone
- - - - Amicable Grant
      - Annulment
      - Alliance against Charles V
    - - He was disliked by the Boleyns, who gained power with the rise of Anne
      - Argued that he was attempting to keep Catherine - hated by Anne, and other nobles sided against him
- - - - Only three of the Sacraments were considered important; Protestant
    - - Priests ordered to support the Ten Articles and the Royal Supremacy
      - Ordered to discourage pilgrimages, and Holy Days for saints reduced; Protestant
    - - Other 4 sacraments were considered of a lesser value
      - Re-inclusion was a step back, but their being lesser value was a step towards Protestantism
    - - England translation of the Bible, removal of relics, statues and discouragement of pilgrimages
      - Major step forwards for reformers; Very Protestant, direct attack on Catholic worship
    - - Henry decided to return to traditional Catholic values
      - Confirmed transsubstantiaion and purgatory - clear statement of Catholic doctrine
      - Failure to agree lead to imprisonment, or even death
- - - - Accused of moral laxity, corruption of their courts, immorality and poor quality clergy
      - Reflected by Richard Hunne; he was arrested after being unable to pay the funeral fees for his son, and killed
    - - Demonstrated by the banning of Annates
- - - - Cromwell and Henry were worried people would rebel, especially internally; most religious leaders were forced to take them
      - A clause in the Act of Succession required individuals to accept Anne as Queen (Oath of Succession) - refusal was equal to Treason
    - - Cromwell updated it (1534) to cover anyone who denied the Royal Supremacy - even without evidence
      - Lead to a dramatic increase in cases of treason, and deterred opponents
- - - - It has been suggested that the loss of their charitable work led to the increase in poverty
- - - - Lincolnshire rebellion
        
        County was under pressure due to the government commissions
        
        Rebellion was formed under the commoners, then to the leadership under the gentry - turned it into a focused demonstration
        
        Drew up a set of articles - but the King threatened them with extreme punishment, sending his own army
        
        Gentry withdrew, realising it'd be treason - and the other rebels returned
      - Yorkshire Rebellion
        
        Consisted of 40,000 men, and better led; formed into 9 armies, the most important being led by Robert Aske, a lawyer (ensured they remained well-behaved)
        
        Took over most of the North, including important cities such as York and Hull - albeit after sieges. Lord Darcy, a noble, joined them, bolstering their ranks
        
        The Duke of Norfolk, leading Henry's army, realised they had the advantage, choosing to negotiate on Doncaster bridge instead
        
        Aske agreed with this, sending two of his men to negotiate with the King - but this was unfruitful, so Aske prepared the Pontefract Articles for a later meeting
        
        The King bluffed, to the point where Aske believed him, having offered a truce, and pardon - and his disbanded the army, despite his captains concern about trusting him
    - - Religious - the North was very Catholic, felt under attack, and the dissolution affected them due to the houses's charity, and made them worry that parish churches were under attack next
      - Social - the monasteries provided healing, help and refuge - the loss of these angered many
      - Economic - Subsidies were still being collected in peacetime, harvests were poor in 1535-36, commoners were worried about enclosure and rents, and the gentry disliked the Statute of Uses on inheritance
      - Political - the nobility disliked the control Cromwell held, and him, due to his low birth and reform views, and were hoping it'd weaken Cromwell's power,. strengthening theirs in court
    - - Henry was the real victor - after the negotiations, he had removed their threat, and the agreement had neither been committed to, nor written down - by arguing it should go through Parliament
      - The lack of this Parliament led to concern among the Pilgrims, and two further, smaller uprisings. Henry used these as an excuse to round up, and punish the ringleaders
      - 178 were executed, including Aske, in York
      - However, it was the largest uprising in the Tudor period, and they were well-armed; if they had fought, they would've won. Also, they forced Henry to make concessions.
    - - Aske failed to realise Henry's true intentions - but was not naive. It would've represented the surrender of his entire political and religious policy
      - Dissolution was sped up, due to the potential resistance against it
      - Brought about the reformed Council of the North to increase Royal power in the North #
- - - - Directly contradicted by an extract from Deuteronomy
      - Only worked if the marriage with Arthur had been consummated; which she denied, and Wolsey could only prove with court gossip
      - Would be embarrassing for the Pope to admit the first dispensation had been a mistake
    - - A correctly-worded Spanish dispensation was found
    - - She refused
    - - Cardinal Campeggio had been instructed to not reach a decision (to stall)
      - No decision was reached 2 years later - when the Pope instructed it to be moved back to Rome
      - Catherine stood up to Henry, making a powerful arguement against; and was able to resist him, with powerful supporters