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Non-Fatal Non-Sexual Offences (Assault (Special cases (Depends on the…

- - - - R v Ireland - established by Lord Steyn
  - - - Courts held that words or silence can amount to assault as how the fear arises is immaterial.
    - - Extension of principle - likely that emails/social media posts can constitute assault as well.
    - - R v Kracher - "If you do X, I will hit you" held to constitute an assault.
      - Tuberville - "If I were not prevented from doing so, I would hit you" held to not constitute an assault.
        
        The difference is that one is a conditional threat and the other is a negated threat.
      - Empty threats - irrelevant that threat is empty, focus is on V's perception
        
        R v Logdon
- - - - The test is whether the touching goes beyond generally acceptable standards of conduct.
        
        For e.g. touching born out of necessity/implied consent is generally acceptable.
- - - - Established in DPP v Smith
        
        Also established that cutting of hair can be considered ABH
      - Can constitute ABH but only if they are medically recognised conditions
        
        R v Ireland
        
        No matter how clear the psychological harm is
        
        R v Dhaliwal
        
        Must be more than just mere emotions such as fear, distress or panic
        
        Criminal Prosecution Service
  - - - established in Savage and Parmenter
- - - - Savage and Parmenter
  - - - C v Eisenhower
    - - R v Golding
      - However, there is a subjective element: Juries can take into account the impact on the particular victim
        
        R v Bollom
    - - R v Burstow
- - - - R v Bentley