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Terrorism (Organisational view (What are some examples of terrorism?…

- - - - targeting noncombatant victims
      - attempting to influence broader audience than victims (group biased)
      - use of force or violence
      - a means to an end
    - - ethnicity/religion of terrorist group
      - evaluation of desired goals, good/bad
      - dominant or oppressed state of terrorist group
  - - - Osama Bin Laden video
      - Adebolajo tried to behead off duty soldier, told witnesses to film, stayed to be interviewed after saying "you and your children will be next"
    - - PERMEABLE (eg age)
      - IMPEREABLE (eg race)
      - ILLEGITIMATE (eg postcode resources)
      - LEGITIMATE (eg exam decisions)
      - switching
      - inuvidualism
      - collective action eg strike, terrorism
        
        why terrorism for collective action
        
        Kruglanski & fishman, 2006): terrorism more attractive when other methods are perceived to be inaffective
        
        Shah, Friedman, Kruglanski, 2002: high commitment to focal goals can lead to suppression of other goals
        
        employed when desired goal is considered more important than other goals
      - adapt eg if blind don't become pilot
  - - - nature of terrorism: message, even if terrorists aren't a danger to all, their message is that they are
      - What are the reasonings behind suicide attacks?
        
        don't need a complex escape plan
        
        dying means you cannot be captured and leak information
        
        Why does dying send an important message?
        
        conviction
        
        invulnerability to threats of aggressions (they're willing to die or are dead)
        
        seriousness
        
        9/11 cost less than 100,000 dollars but damage was in the billions of dollars
        
        Suicide attacks = 3% of terrorist incidents (1980 –2003), but account for 48% of fatalities.
      - news is for money from ads, other motives apart from to inform (not psychology)
      - availability heuristic: things easier to remember are assumed to happen more often eg car vs plane death
- - - - What are strategies to ensure terrorists terrorise?
        
        identity heavily invested in ideology
        
        glorification of identity and ideological purpose
        
        dehumanisation of others, undeserving of basic respect or empathy
        
        assurance that all other belief systems are invalid
        
        isolation from larger society; physical / social
      - What do terrorists need to be?
        
        convinced they have a special licence to commit atrocities
        
        convinced the acts are somehow good
        
        very confident in the ideology
  - - - What did the Pyszczynski et al., (2006) study find the effect of a mortality reminder to be?
        
        two conditions; pro-martyr/terrorism and anti-martyr/terrorism
        
        pp asked preferred statements
        
        study on mortality, meaning, and willingness to engage in violent attacks
        
        mortality salience: reminded of death; jot down what physically happens to you when you die
        
        found
        
        statment rating
        
        pro = higher rating in death reminder condition
        
        anti = higher rating in control
        
        willingness to join cause
        
        pro = much higher with death reminder
        
        anti = higher in control
        
        if you tell people they are going to die their willingness to do extreme acts in defence of a large organisation increases
      - Arndt et al., (1997): concern about death decreased after the opportunity to defend a cultural norm
      - What was the Ohnuki-Tierney (2007) example?
        
        kami kazee
        
        avoidance of shame is sufficient motivation to end one's life for one's country
        
        Japan has long held tradition of death before defeat or dishonour
      - female suicide attackers are sometimes explicitly trying to recover from shame felt... divorce, infertility
  - - - generally found a negative correlation between fear of death and purpose in life, more purpose = less fear
      - when you have something more important than your own life, keeping yourself alive is less important than it, eg kids
      - so when you're a terrorist, you have purpose, and aren't scared to die
    - - also places self actualisation as the pinnacle of human striving (the realisation or fulfilment of one's talents and potentials)
    - - collective good/social status
      - Crenshaw (2007): a sharp contrast to an otherwise insignificant or disappointing life
      - significance
  - - - used own data and others data to create ideological, personal, and social terrorist commonalities
        
        Social
        
        quest for emotional and social support eg European Muslims who feel rejected by local society
        
        Ideological
        
        resistance to foreign occupation
        
        liberation of one's land/gods will
        
        Personal
        
        all terrorists mentioned some personal trauma er witnessing death / beating / torture or incarceration of loved ones
        
        entering paradise, meeting Allah, rewards of holy war
        
        personal loss and gain
- - - - Why is compromise the most difficult one and what are some examples of outcomes?
        
        Madrid bombings (2004)
        
        message "get out of Iraq"
        
        response - Spain pulled out
        
        191 dead, 2050 injured
        
        Slavery Rebellion (1831)
        
        message "stop enslaving us"
        
        response - a week later parliament appointed a committee to consider ways to end slavery
        
        10 days, 214 dead, millions of £ in damages
        
        many official gov policies are explicitly to never negotiate with terrorists
        
        Charlie Hebdo 2(015)
        
        target: French newspaper CH
        
        effect: increased CH popularity
        
        12 dead 11 injured
    - - What are 6 ways to counter attack?
        
        take out community, but how and why?
        
        What are essential things the community provides to terrorism?
        
        recruits
        
        transport
        
        information
        
        weapons
        
        funding
        
        community support for violent struggle predicted incidents of attacks by Palestinian groups (Sharvit et al., 2010)
        
        community supports ideology and offers practical support
        
        better to address motivation than ability because efforts to remove ability is likely to only have a temporary effect
        
        undermine leader therefore undermining ideology and undermining faith reward of terrorism
        
        What are some motivations to address when counter attacking?
        
        alternative means of significance gain: peaceful fundamentalist groups attract the same people as Jihadist groups
        
        reduce significance gain via terrorism: undermine legitimacy of ideology
        
        alleviation of significance loss
        
        integration into wider society
        
        new social norms of acceptance
        
        take out their leader but how and why?
        
        if less centralised may not work
        
        you can negotiate with one person but you can't negotiate with disparate people
        
        if highly centralised it might work; someone can move up rank or takeover
        
        Sharvit et al., 2010: taking out leaders of Hamas Palestinian Islamic Jihad increased activity
        
        tackle the goal, but how and why?
        
        Gama's Islamiyyah (Egypt)
        
        renounced violence officially after combination of repressions and persecution from gov
        
        found it worked better to be political than violent
        
        IRA reduced militant activities as their political involvement increased
        
        convince them that
        
        something else would work better
        
        terrorism hinders other important goals
        
        terrorism doesn't work