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Behaviors, Environments, and Populations (Animal Behaviors (Learning…

- - - - Animals learning how things work in their spatial structure
        
        How you know where all the parts of your body are without looking
      - Creation of cognitive maps
        
        Animals using landmarks in area to remember where they are
    - - Animals learn behaviors by associating certain stimuli with a consequence
        
        Pavlov's dogs
    - - Long-lasting behavioral response to individual or object
      - Usually necessary for recognition of same species and family in an ecosystem
      - Can take place only during a specific time in development (sensitive period)
        
        Geese following their mother (or anything really)
    - - Animals learn by observing others (usually elders)
        
        Human learning certain words from parents
  - - - Babies tendency to grab things
  - - - Used for homeostatic mechanisms (hunger, thirst)
      - Used for what time to wake up/go to sleep
  - - - Fish might migrate certain ways relative to magnetic fields.
      - Pigeons sense position relative to Earth's magnetic field
    - - Migratory birds orient themselves relative to the angle the sun is pointing at them.
      - Some animals use landmarks to migrate to (mountains, coasts, etc.)
- - - - Grass and shrubs
    - - Seasons and wet
    - - Hot and dry with little rain
    - - Seasons and cold
    - - Hot with wet and dry seasons
    - - Like a cold chaparral
    - - Hot and wet
    - - Either hot or cold and very dry
  - - - Mountains near bodies of water tend to have the rainshadow effect
        
        Moisture is dumped on one side and dry air travels over mountain and makes a desert on the other side
      - Tectonic plates
        
        These determine whether there will be mountains, and what kind of volcanic activity you will have at the edges (and sometimes the middle) of a tectonic plate
    - - Earth's tilt gives us seasons
        
        When northern hemisphere is pointed toward sun, summer is in the northern hemisphere, and vice versa for winter
      - Coriolis effect
        
        Clockwise air movement above equator, counterclockwise below equator
    - - They are everywhere and each can be very small. All of these combined ultimately make up global climate
  - - - Deep ocean
      - Not good for photosynthesis or reefs
      - Has little to no light
      - Main source of energy is geothermal vents (heat and small chemical reactions
    - - Near surface
      - Good for photosynthesis
      - Has light
      - Good for coral reefs if shallow water
- - - - Rabbits breed as many as possible and hope some survive
      - Elephants put a lot of resources into one elephant per birth
  - - - Clumped
        
        Herds
      - Uniform
        
        Bacteria
      - Random
        
        Plants