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Movement Disorders (Parkinson's Disease (Causes of damage to substania…
Movement Disorders
Parkinson's Disease
Symptoms:
- Rigidity
- Muscle tremors
- Slow movements
- Difficulty initiating physical and mental activity
Early symptoms: Loss of olfaction and psychological depression
Cognitive deficits involving problems with attention , language or memory
Cause: gradual loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantial nigra --> loss of dopamine releasing axons to the striatum
Loss of dopamine --> Decreased inhibition of the striatum of the globus pallidus --> Increasing its inhibitory output to thalamus --> Increased inhibition of thalamus --> Less stimulation of the frontal cortex --> Less vigorous movements
Still capable of movements: sometimes able to move normally to signals but WEAK AND SLOW spontaneous movements
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L - Dopa Treatment
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better to use L - dopa: precursors to dopamine which crosses the blood - brain barrier
- reaches the brain and is converted to dopamine by neurons
Limitations:
- Increase of dopamine release in ALL neurons = producing spurts of high release alternating with low release
- does not replace other neurotransmitters that are depleted
- does not slow the continuing loss of neurons
- Unpleasant side effects: nausea, restlessness, sleep problems , Low BP, hallucinations and delusions
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