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Animal behavior and ecology (Animal behavior (Discrete sensory inputs…
Animal behavior and ecology
Animal behavior
Mating behavior
It can explain diverse behaviors
Sexual dimorphism
Monogamous
One male mating with one female
Polygamous
An individual of one sex mating with several of the other.
Types:
Polygyny
Single male and many female
Polyandry
Single female and multiple males
Discrete sensory inputs
Fixed action patterns and learning
Imprinting
The formation at a specific stage in life of a long lasting behavioral response to a specific individual or object
Imprinting causes baby duckling to believe that a man is their mother
Fixed action patters: Invariant behavior triggered by a simple cue known as a sign stimulus
Trial and error
Operant conditioning
Example: Skinner box
Habituation
when you get same stimuli over and over again
Observational learning
Watching and imitating
Insight
It happens all of a sudden through understanding the relationships of various parts of a problem
Species most likely to learn in this way include chimpanzees, gorillas, and crows and humans
Associate learning
The acquired ability to associate one environment features with another
Example: Pavlov dog
Forms of learning include imprinting, cognition, spatial learning, associate learning and social learning
Behavioral rhythms
Often synchronized to the circadian cycle of light and dark in the environment or to cues that cycle over the seasons
Forms of animal communication
Visual, auditory, chemical and tactile signals
Pheromenes - chemical substances that transmit species- specific information between members of a species in behaviors ranging from foraging to courtship
Innate behavior
Instinct
Examples
Grasp reflex in newborns
Snake - spit on you when you touch them
Anything you have from day one
Selection for individual survival
Optimal foraging model is based on the idea that natural selection should favor foraging behavior that minimizes the consequences and maximizes the benefits.
Population ecology
Models of population growth
Exponential model
If immigration and emigration are ignored o population's growth rate equals its birth rate minus its death rates
Logistic model
Ecological footprint
Developing countries is 1 hectare
Developed counrties is 10 hectares
Ecology and the biosphere
Ecology
The study of how organisms interact with each other and their environment
Major fields
Global ecology
Landscape ecology
Ecosystem ecology
Community ecology
Population ecology
Organismal ecology
Climate
The log-term prevailing weather conditions at a given place
Tropics
Those regions that lies between 23.5 degrees north latitude and 23.5 degrees south latitude
Components
Temperature
Precipitation
Sunlight
Wind
Macroclimate
Pattern on the global, regional and landscape level
The climate of the entire region
Microclimate
Climate patterns on a very fine scale, such as the specific climate condition
Global climate patterns
Determined by the input of solar energy and earth's revolution around the sun
Include
Seasonality
Bodies of water
Mountains
They exert seasonal, regional and local effects on macroclimate
The fine scale numbers in abiotic factors such as sunlight and temperature, determine microclimate
Increasing greenhouse gas concentration in the air are warming Earth and alerting the distributions of many species.
Terrestrial and aquatic biomes
Terrestrial biome
Chaparral
Precipitation
Annual precipitation generally falls within the range of 30-50 cm
Temperature
Average temperature of 10-12 degree celcius in fall, winter and spring
Average summer temperature can reach 30, and daytime max can exceed 40
Locations
In midlatitude coastal regions on several continents
Dominant organisms
Temperate grassland
Precipitation
Often highly seasonal, with relatively dry winters and wet summers.
Annual precipitation generally averages between 30 and 100 cm.
Temperature
Winters are generally cold, with average temperatures falling below -10 degrees.
Summers, with average temperatures often approaching 30 degrees, are hot
Locations
The veldts of South Africa, the puszta of Hungary, the pampas of Argentina and Urguay, the steppes of Russia, and the plains and prairies of central North America
Dominant organisms
Savanna
Precipitation
Seasonal rainfall average 30-50 cm per year
Dry season can last up to 8 or 9 months
Temperature
Warm year round, averaging 24-29 degree celcius
Locations
Equatorial and subequatorial regions
Dominant organisms
Northern coniferous forest
Precipitation
Annual precipitation ranges from 30 to 70 cm
Temperature
Range from -50 in winter to over 20 in summer
Locations
Extending in a broad band across northern North Anerica and Eurasia
Dominant organisms
Desert
Precipitation
low and highly variable, generally less than 30 cm per year
Temperature
variable seasonally and daily
max is 50 degrees and min is -30 degrees
Locations
Near 30 degrees north and south latitude or at other latitudes in the interior of continents
Dominant organisms
Temperate broadleaf forest
Precipitation
70 to over 200 cm
Temperature
winter average I 0 degrees. Summer up to 35
Locations
Midaltitude in the northern hemisphere with smaller areas in Chile, south Africa and new Zealand
Dominant organisms
Tropical forest
Precipitation
Tropical rain forests
200-400 cm annually
Tropical dry forests
150-200cm annually
Temperature
High year-round, averaging 25-29 degree celcius with little seasonal variation
Locations
Equatorial and subequatorial regions
Dominant organisms
Tundra
Temperature
Winter -30 degrees and summer 10 degrees
Dominant organisms
Precipitation
20 to 60 cm annually
Locations
Arctic
Aquatic biomes
Streams and rivers
Chemical characteristics
the salt and nutrients content increases from headwaters to the mouth
Physical characteristics
Headstreams are cold, clear, turbulent, and swift
Streams and rivers are stratified into vertical zones
Esuaries
Chemical characteristics
among most productive biome
Salinity varies with the rise and fall of the tides
Physical characteristics
High density seawater occupies the bottom of the channel and mixes little with the low density river water at the surface
Wetlands
Physical characteristics
Inundated by water at least some of the time or all of the time
Chemical characteristics
High organic production
Have a high capacity to filter dissolved nutrients and chemical pollutants
Water and soils are periodically low in dissolved oxygen
Intertidal zones
Physical characteristics
heterotrophic and photosynthitic
Chemical characteristics
Oxygen and nutrients levels are high and renewed with each turn of the tide
Oceanic pelagic zone
Chemical characteristics
Oxygen levels are lhigh. Nutrients concentrations are low
Physical characteristics
heterotrophic and photosynthitic
Coral reefs
Physical characteristics
Formed largely from the calcium carbonate skeletons of corals
Deep sea coral reefs, found between 200 and 1500 m deep
They are sensitive to temperatures below about 18-20 C and above 30 C
Chemical characteristics
Require high oxygen levels and excluded by high inputs of fresh water and nutrients
Marine benthic zone
Chemical characteristics
Except in areas of organic enrchiment, oxygen is usually present at sufficient concentrations to support diverse animal life
Physical characteristics
Consists of the seafloor below the surface waters of the coastal zone and the offshore, pelagic zone
Water temperature declines with depth, while pressure increases.
Near coastal areas receives no sunlight
Lakes
Chemical characteristics
Oligotropic lakes are nutrient poor and are oxygen rich
Eutropic lakes are nutrient rich and often depleted of oxygen in the deepest zone in summer and if covered with ice in winter
Physical characteristics
Standing bodies of water range from ponds a few square meters in area to lakes covering thousands of square kilometers
light decreases with depth, creating stratification
Temperate lakes may have seasonal thermocline; tropical lowland lakes have a thermocline year round
