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Ecology (Chapter 53: Population Ecology (Immigration, Emigration, and…
Ecology
Chapter 53: Population Ecology
Density: the number of individuals per unit of area or volume.
Dispersion: pattern of spacing among individuals within the boundaries of the population.
Models
Exponential
Increases constantly
Logistic
Increases constantly and then levels out at K.
Factors
Year, birth and death rate, and size of population.
Ecological Footprint: amount of aggrate land needed to sustain a population
Immigration, Emigration, and Metapopulatios
People grow based on these factors.
Immigration is the amount of people moving into a country.
Emigration: the amount of people exiting a country.
Metapopulations: linked population.
Humans are beyond carrying capacity. They are overpopulating and ruining the biosphere.
It is expected to decline, but its not happening. Based on trends and more people coming in it will not decline.
Chapter 51: Animal Behavior
Types
Innate/Instinct
Born with it
Ex: Hog Nose Snake spits and scares you
Fixed Action Pattern
Series of actions you take to complete something.
Ex: Grey lack goose pulling an egg into body.
Imprinting
Follow care takers.
Ex: Ducks and mom.
Associative Learning
Putting something else to something else.
Ex: Using stories to learn a concept.
Trial and Error
Try different things and see what works.
Ex: Crows and quarters.
Habituation
Same stimuli over and over again until you ignore it.
Ex: Prairie dogs and snakes.
Observational Learning
Seeing something and learning it through observation.
Ex: When an older sibling does something constantly and the younger sibling picks up on it.
Insight
Understanding the relationships of different parts.
Ex: Monkey and a banana, uses its surroundings to retrieve banana.
Reasons for behavior
Find food and water.
Ex: Animals in a Savanna where resources are limited.
Interact with other groups.
Ex: Predator/prey, parasite/host, symbiosis.
Avoid predators
Ex: Camouflage for certain animals.
Reproduce
Ex: Survival of the fittest-make as many babies as possible.
Evolution
Behaviors are controlled by genes and stimuli.
Genes can evolve if natural selection allows it.
Stimuli do not evolve, they grow as the animal grows and it varies.
Chapter 52: An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere
Factors
Coriolis Effect
Rotational force
Rain-shadow Effect
When it rains and there is a mountain it causes one side to be dry and the side that gets the bulk of the rain is wet and forestry.
Tilt of the Earth
Earth tilts at 23.5 degrees and gives us seasons which effect the organisms living there.
Terrestrial Biomes
Tropical Forest
Locations: Mexico, parts of South America, and parts of Africa
Temperature: 25-29 degrees Celsius.
Precipitation: 200-400cm annually.
Organisms: canopy, sub-canopy, shrubs, and herbs. Insects spiders, arthropods, amphibians, birds, reptiles, and mammals.
Desert
Locations: Middle Africa, middle Asia, and lower Australia.
Precipitation: Generally less than 30cm per year.
Temperature: hot-exceed 50 degrees Celsius. Cold: -30 degrees Celsius.
Organisms: cacti or euphrobes, deep rooted shrubs and herbs. Snakes, lizards, scorpions, ants, beetles, migratory birds, resident birds, and seed-eating rodents.
Savanna
Location: certain parts of Africa, certain parts South America, certain parts of Australia, and a small portion of Asia.
Precipitation: 35-45cm per year.
Temperature: 24-29 degrees Celsius.
Organisms: scattered trees-thorny and small leaves. Large plant eating mammals, wildebeests, zebras, lions, hyenas, and termites.
Chaparral
Locations: Small part of California, small part of Chile, Spain, and Southern France.
Precipitation: 30-50cm.
Temperature: 10-12 degrees Celsius, summer can reach 30 degrees Celsius, and in the day exceeds 40 degrees Celsius.
Organisms: shrubs and small trees, deer, goats, amphibians, birds, reptiles, and insects.
Temperate Grasslands
Locations: South Africa, Hungary, Argentina, Uruguay, and Russia.
Precipitation: 30-100cm (seasonally).
Temperature: -10 degrees Celsius, summers-30 degrees Celsius.
Organisms: grasses and Forbes, tall grass prairies. Bison, wild horses, and burrowing mammals.
Northern Coniferous Forest
Locations: North America, Eurasia, and edge of Arctic tundra.
Precipitation: 30-70cm. US Pacific NW receives 300cm.
Temperature: winters cold, summers hot, -50 degrees Celsius to 20 degrees Celsius.
Organisms: cone-bearing trees, conifers, migratory birds, moose, brown bears, and Siberian tigers.
Temperate Broadleaf Forest
Locations: Northern hemisphere, Chile, South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand.
Precipitation: 70-100cm annually.
Temperature: zero degrees Celsius to thirty-five degrees Celsius.
Organisms: canopy, shrub, under-story, mammals, birds, reptiles.
Tundra
Location: Arctic
Precipitation: 20-60 cm annually, and 100cm in alpine.
Temperature: -30 degrees Celsius to 10 degrees Celsius.
Organisms: herbaceous, mosses, grasses, caribou, reindeer, wolves, foxes, and bears.
Aquatic Biomes
Lakes
Physical
Standing bodies of water
Chemical
Salinity concentration, oxygen concentration, nutrient content vary from season to season.
Wetlands
Physical
Inundated by water either all the time or flood occasionally.
Chemical
High organic production, periodically low in oxygen, filter dissolved nutrients and pollution.
Streams & Rivers
Physical
High speed and high volume of flow. cold clear, swift, and turbulent.
Chemical
Salt concentrate increases from headwaters to mouth. Headwaters are rich in oxygen.
Intertidal Zones
Physical
Periodically submerged, and exposed to tides.
Chemical
Oxygen and nutrients are generally high.
Coral Reefs
Physical
Calcium Carbonate, shallow, tropic, and photic zone.
Chemical
High oxygen, high inputs of fresh water and nutrients.
Oceanic Pelagic Zone
Physical
Open blue water, wind and ocean currents.
Chemical
Oxygen high, nutrients low, thermally stratified.
Marine Benthic Zone
Physical
Seafloor below the surface waters of coastal zones.
Chemical
Oxygen sufficient and organic enrichment.
Estuaries
Physical
Transition between rivers and sea.
Chemical
Salinity varies, nutrients make these.