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Corrections (Enlightenment Period (A movement during the 18th century in…
Corrections
Enlightenment Period
A movement during the 18th century in England and France in which concepts of liberalism, rationalism, equality, and individualism dominated social and political thinking
Penitentiary act of 1779, called for the creation of a house of hard labor where offenders would be imprisoned for up to 2 years. The institution was based off of 4 principles
4 principles was: 1.) A secure and sanitary building, 2.) Inspection to ensure that offenders followed the rules, 3.) Abolition of the fees charged offenders for their food
4.) A reformatory regime
The first reformatory took shape in 1876 at Elmira, New York, when zebulon brockway was appointed superintendent
Reformatory: An institution that emphasizes training, a mark system of classification, inter determinate sentences, and parole
Penitentiary: An institution intended to punish criminals by isolating them from society and from one another so they can reflect on their past misdeeds, repent, and reform
Congregate system: A penitentiary system developed in auburn, new York, in which each inmate was held in isolation during the night but worked and ate with other prisoners during the day under a rule of silence
Mark System: A point system in which prisoners can reduce their term of imprisonment and gain release by earning "marks," or points, through labor, good behavior, and educational achievement
Until the beginning of the nineteenth century, female offenders in Europe and North America was treated no differently than men and were not separated fro men when they were incarcerated
Rehabilitation model: A model of corrections that emphasizes the need to restore a convicted offender to a constructive place in society through some form of vocational or educational training or therapy
2 main strategies of the rehabilitation model was: Improving conditions in social environments that seemed to be the breeding grounds of crime and, rehabilitating individual offenders
By the 1920s, probation, indeterminate sentences, presentence reports, parole and treatment programs were being promoted as a more scientific approach to criminality
Medical model: A model of corrections based on the assumption that criminal behavior is caused by biological or psychological conditions that require treatment
Community corrections: A model of corrections based on the goal of reintegrating the offender into the community
Proponents of the community corrections model viewed prisons as artificial institutions that hindered offenders from finding a crime free lifestyle
Crime control model: A model of corrections based on the assumption that criminal behavior can be controlled by more use of incarceration and other forms of strict supervision
Federal corrections system is divided between the department of justice and the administrative office of the united states.
Federal Bureau of prisons: was created by congress in 1930, now operates a system of prisons located throughout the nation and housing over 216,000 inmates, supervised by a staff of more than 38,000
Probation and parole supervision for federal offenders are provided by the federal probation and pretrial services system, a branch of the administrative office of the U.S courts.
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A wide range of state correctional institutions, facilities, and programs exists for adult felons; these include prisons, reformatories, prison farms, etc.
Prison is a federal or state institution for the incarceration of people convicted of serious crimes, usually felonies
Jail: An institution authorized to hold pretrial detainees and sentenced misdeameanants for periods longer than 48 hours
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jail administrators face several problems such as the perceived role of the jail in the local criminal justice system, the characteristics of the inmate population, and fiscal problems
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The 1st amendment prevents congress from making laws respecting the establishment of religion or prohibiting free exercise
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