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51,52,53 (types of animal behavior (Associative Learning (mod-17-classical…

- - - - Definition : Growth of a population in an ideal, unlimited environment, represented by a J- Shaped curve when population size is plotted over time
      - Example :
    - - Definition : Population growth that levels off a population size approaches carrying capacity
      - Example :
  - - - Definition : Referring to any characteristic that varies with population density
      - Example : Competition, Predation, Parasitism, Disease, Toxic Waste, Intrinsic Factors, and Territoriality
    - - Definition : Referring to any characteristic that is not affected by population density
      - Example : Weather, Climate, natural disasters.
- - - - Definition : – Ocean currents influence climate along the coasts of continents by heating or cooling overlying air masses that pass across the land. During hot days, when land is warmer than the water, air over the land heats up and rises, drawing a cool breeze from the water across the land. In contrast, because temperatures drop more quickly over land than over water at night, air over the now warmer water rises drawing cooler air from the land back out over the water and replacing it with warmer air from offshore.
    - - Definition : When warm, moist air approaches a mountain, the air rises and cools, releasing moisture on the windward side of the peak. On the leeward side, cooler, dry air descends, absorbing moisture and producing a rain shadow (a region having little rainfall because it is sheltered from prevailing rain-bearing winds by a range of hills).
    - - Definition : the earth spins on its axis it causes strong seasonal cycles in middles to high latitudes. In addition to these global changes in day length, solar radiation and temperature the changing angle of the sun over the course of the year affects local environments.
  - - - precipitation : Is highly seasonal, with rainy winters and dry summers. Annual precipitation generally falls within the range of 30-50cm
      - temperature : Fall, Winter, and spring are cool 10-12C. Summer temperature can reach 30- 40C
      - Locations : Occurs in midlatitude coastal regions on several continents and its many names reflect its far- flung distribution
      - dominant organisms : Dominated by shrubs and small trees, and many different type of grass. Many animals such as amphibians, birds, and reptiles and insects call chaparral home
    - - precipitation :Precipitation is often highly seasonal, with relatively dry winters and wet summers. Annual precipitation generally averages between 30 and 100 cm.
      - temperature :Winters are generally cold, with average temperatures falling below –10°C. Summers, with average temperatures often approaching 30°C, are hot
      - Locations :The veldts of South Africa, the puszta of Hungary, the pampas of Argentina and Uruguay, the steppes
        of Russia, and the plains and prairies of central North America are examples of temperate grasslands.
      - dominant organisms :Large grazers such as bison and wild horses, burrowing animals
    - - precipitation : Seasonal rainfall averages 30–50 cm per year. The dry season can last up to eight or nine months.
      - temperature :The savanna is warm year-round, averaging 24–29°C, but with
        somewhat more seasonal variation than in tropical forests
      - Locations :Savanna occurs in equatorial and
        subequatorial regions
      - dominant organisms : Scattered trees, Grasses and forbs. Large plant-eating animals,
        migration
    - - precipitation : 30 to 70 cm, and periodic droughts are common. However, some coastal coniferous forests of the U.S.
        Pacific Northwest are temperate rain forests that may receive over 300 cm of annual precipitation
      - temperature : from –50°C in winter to over 20°C in summer
      - Locations :Extending in a broad band across northern North America and Eurasia to the edge of the
        arctic tundra, the northern coniferous forest, or taiga, is the largest terrestrial biome on Earth
      - dominant organisms :Northern coniferous forests are dominated by cone-bearing trees,many migratory birds nest in northern coniferous forests, other species reside there year-round. The mammals of this biome, which include moose, brown bears, and Siberian tigers
    - - precipitation : Precipitation is low, generally less
        than 30 cm per year
      - temperature : Varies seasonally and daily, may exceeds 50C or even below -30C
      - dominant organisms : Snakes,lizards,migratory birds. Shrubs cacti, scattered vegetation
      - Locations : Deserts occur in bands near
        30° north and south latitude
    - - precipitation : 70- 200cm annually
      - Locations : Found mainly at midlatitudes in the Northern Hemisphere, with smaller areas in Chile, South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand
      - temperature : Winter is around 0C, Summers can be 35C
      - dominant organisms : Deciduous tree, many mammals, and birds
    - - precipitation : 200-400cm annually
      - temperature : 25 - 29C year round
      - Locations : Equatorial and subequatorial regions
      - dominant organisms : Trees are the dominant organisms among plants and are always competing for light . The Rain forest has the highest diversity of animals in the world
    - - Locations :Tundra covers expansive areas of the Arctic,
        amounting to 20% of Earth’s land surface.
      - precipitation :20 to 60 cm annually in arctic tundra but may exceed 100 cm in
        alpine tundra
      - temperature : Winters are cold, with averages in some areas below –30°C.
        Summer temperatures generally average less than 10°C.
      - dominant organisms :herbaceous moss grasses and forbs. large grazing animals
  - - - Physical : An estuary is a transition area between river and sea. Seawater flows up the estuary channel during a rising tide and flows back down during the falling tide.
      - Chemical : Salinity varies spatially within estuaries, from nearly that of fresh water to that of seawater. Salinity also varies with the rise and fall of the tides. Nutrients from the river make estuaries, like wetlands, among the most productive biomes
    - - Physical : An intertidal zone is periodically submerged and exposed by the tides, twice daily on most marine shores. Upper zones experience longer exposures to air and greater variations in temperature and salinity
      - Chemical : Oxygen and nutrient levels are generally high and are renewed with each turn of the tides
    - - Physical :The most prominent physical characteristic of streams and rivers is the speed and volume of their flow
      - Chemical : The salt and nutrient content of streams and rivers increases from the headwaters to the mouth. organic matter in rivers consists of dissolved or highly fragmented material that is carried by the current from forested streams
    - - Physical :The oceanic pelagic zone is a vast realm of open blue water, constantly mixed by wind driven oceanic currents
      - Chemical : Oxygen levels are generally high. Nutrient concentrations are generally lower than in coastal waters. Because they are thermally stratified year-round, some tropical areas of the oceanic pelagic zone have lower nutrient concentrations than temperate oceans
    - - Physical : habitat that is inundated by water at least some of the time and that supports plants adapted to water-saturated soil
      - Chemical : decomposition by microbes and other organisms, both the water and the soils are periodically low in dissolved oxygen. Wetlands have a high capacity to filter dissolved nutrients and chemical pollutants
    - - Physical : Coral reefs are formed largely from the calcium carbonate skeletons of corals. sensitve to temperature changes
      - Chemical :Corals require high oxygen levels and are excluded by high inputs of fresh water and nutrients
    - - Physical :standing bodies of water range from ponds a few square meters in area to lakes covering thousands of square kilometers
      - Chemical : Oligotrophic lakes tend to be nutrient-poor and generally oxygen-rich; eutrophic lakes are nutrient-rich and often depleted of oxygen in the deepest zone in summer and if covered with ice in winter
    - - Physical : consists of the seafloor below the surface waters of the coastal zone.
      - Chemical : Except in areas of organic enrichment, oxygen is usually present at sufficient concentrations to support diverse animal life